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Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19
Published in Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra, COVID-19 and Emerging Environmental Trends, 2020
Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra
TMPRSS2 can be considered as another potential therapeutic target because this structure presents on the host cell membrane is essential for the entry and spread of coronaviruses (Hoffmann et al., 2020). One chemical agent that is currently being tested on the mouse models called camostat mesylate has shown to check the spread and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by inhibiting the TMPRSS2 activity, which is being considered as a potential candidate (Uno, 2020). Clinical trials are in progress to validate the hypothesis that camostat mesylate may be able to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. The goal of the clinical trial is to determine whether camostat mesylate decreases the viral load (SARS-CoV-2) early in COVID-19 infection (NCT04353284, 2020).
Clinical and epidemiological context of COVID-19
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Viswanthram Palanivel, Akanksha Salkar, Radha Yadav, Renuka Bankar, Om Shrivastav, Arup Acharjee
Some of the antiviral therapies which physicians predominantly use are as follows: Targeting viral entry (fusion inhibitors) Baricitinib, a potent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, binds to AP2-associated protein kinase 1. It inhibits both host inflammatory response and viral entry (Zhang et al. 2020).Camostat mesylate is a TMPRSS2 protease inhibitor that blocks the SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung cells (Hoffmann et al. 2021).Targeting virus replication Reverse transcription inhibitors: Remdesivir is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor and is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug against the significant class of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses (Amirian and Levy 2020).Nucleotide analogs: Favipiravir is a purine (Guanine) analog. It blocks the RdRp to arrest viral RNA synthesis (Furuta, Komeno, and Nakamura 2017). Ribavirin is a guanine derivative analog. It destabilizes viral RNA by inhibiting RNA capping.Protease inhibitors Lopinavir: Lopinavir inhibits the main protease (MPro) of SARSCoV-2. It is used as a lopinavir–ritonavir combination, which shows high efficiency. Primarily, it is an HIV antiviral drug (Nutho et al. 2020).
Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Manisha Malani, Prerana Salunke, Shraddha Kulkarni, Gaurav K. Jain, Afsana Sheikh, Prashant Kesharwani, Jayabalan Nirmal
Combinations of antiviral drugs are already repurposed to treat COVID-19, which shows positive results, including hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, nafamostat, camostat, and favipiravir [64,65] and many other are in the development process as given in Table 2. However, they cannot be used as a prophylactic for several reasons, including unnecessary exposure to the drug and its side effects in healthy individuals. Also, most of these drugs are associated with several side effects; for instance, nafamostat, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, is associated with cardiac arrest, abdominal pain, nausea, dyspnea, and severe hypotension [109].