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Casting and Foundry Work
Published in Sherif D. El Wakil, Processes and Design for Manufacturing, 2019
The cupola is the most widely used foundry furnace for producing and melting gray cast iron. The chemical composition, microstructure, and, therefore, the properties of the obtained castings are determined by the constituents of the charge of the cupola furnace. Thus, the composition and properties of gray cast iron are controlled by changing the percentages of the charge constituents and also by adding inoculants and alloying elements. Commonly used inoculants include calcium silicide, ferrosilicon, and ferromanganese. An inoculant is added to the molten metal (either in the cupola spout or ladle) and usually amounts to between 0.1 and 0.5 percent of the molten iron by weight. It acts as a deoxidizer and also hinders the growth of precipitated graphite flakes. It is important for a product designer to remember that the properties of a gray cast-iron product are also dependent upon the dimensions (the thicknesses of the walls) of that product because the cooling rate is adversely affected by the cross section of the casting. Actually, the cooling rate is high for small castings with thin walls, sometimes yielding white cast iron. For this reason, gray cast iron must be specified by the strength of critical cross sections.
Chapter 2 Metallurgy of the Base Material
Published in Svensson Lars-Erik, in Steel Arc Welds, 2017
The impurity elements mainly cause decreased toughness. The mechanisms for this vary, depending on the specific element. Oxygen forms slag particles together with elements such as silicon and manganese. These may serve as initiation points for cleavage fracture. The slag particle content also affects the ductile fracture energy, in that higher amounts lead to decreased toughness. Manganese also forms sulfides by reacting with sulfur. These inclusions are often soft and become elongated in the rolling direction. During welding, cracks may form at the interface between the elongated sulfides and the steel matrix. This problem can be cured by the addition of calcium silicide. The sulfides then become much harder and keep their rounded shapes, even after rolling. Rare earth elements, such as cerium, can also be used for this, but in offshore applications, for example, this so-called REM treatment is often not allowed.
Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Calcium hydrogen sulfite Calcium hydrosulfide hexahydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide phosphate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypophosphite Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium iodide hexahydrate Calcium metaborate Calcium metasilicate Calcium molybdate Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium nitride Calcium nitrite Calcium nitrite monohydrate Calcium oleate Calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxide Calcium oxide silicate Calcium palmitate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium perborate heptahydrate Calcium perchlorate Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate Calcium permanganate Calcium peroxide Calcium phosphate Calcium phosphide Calcium phosphonate monohydrate Calcium plumbate Calcium propanoate Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium selenate dihydrate Calcium selenide Calcium silicide (CaSi) Calcium silicide [CaSi2] Calcium stannate trihydrate Calcium stearate Calcium succinate trihydrate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfite dihydrate Calcium tartrate tetrahydrate Calcium telluride Calcium tetrahydroaluminate Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate Calcium zirconate Californium
Eco-sustainable alkali activated brick using municipal incinerated ash
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
The MI ash sample predominantly consists of crystalline phase with Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Silicide and quartz in percentage of 55, 22 and 48 respectively with the peak dome between 20° and 30°. Calcium carbonate and quartz exhibited hexagonal crystalline system, while calcium silicide exhibited an orthorhombic crystalline system.