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Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Calcium hydrogen sulfite Calcium hydrosulfide hexahydrate Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide phosphate Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypophosphite Calcium iodate Calcium iodide Calcium iodide hexahydrate Calcium metaborate Calcium metasilicate Calcium molybdate Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Calcium nitride Calcium nitrite Calcium nitrite monohydrate Calcium oleate Calcium oxalate Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium oxide Calcium oxide silicate Calcium palmitate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate Calcium perborate heptahydrate Calcium perchlorate Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate Calcium permanganate Calcium peroxide Calcium phosphate Calcium phosphide Calcium phosphonate monohydrate Calcium plumbate Calcium propanoate Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium selenate dihydrate Calcium selenide Calcium silicide (CaSi) Calcium silicide [CaSi2] Calcium stannate trihydrate Calcium stearate Calcium succinate trihydrate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate dihydrate Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfite dihydrate Calcium tartrate tetrahydrate Calcium telluride Calcium tetrahydroaluminate Calcium thiocyanate tetrahydrate Calcium thiosulfate hexahydrate Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate Calcium zirconate Californium
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
The next example combines the metal calcium and the nonmetal phosphorous resulting in the compound calcium phosphide. It is a dangerous fire risk. The compound name ends in “ide.” Therefore, this is also a binary salt. Lithium fluoride is a strong irritant to the eyes and skin. Potassium bromide is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Sodium chloride is table salt, a medical concern when ingested in excess, but certainly of no significant hazard to emergency responders. However, if sodium chloride is washed into a farmer’s field from an incident, the farmer may not be able to grow crops in that field for many years!
Toxic Atmospheres
Published in John F. Rekus, Complete Confined Spaces Handbook, 2018
Phosphine is a colorless gas with an odor of decaying fish. Exposures may occur when acid or water mixes with metallic phosphides like aluminum phosphide and calcium phosphide. Phosphine exposure may also be encountered during cleaning of tanks that previously contained sulfuric acid. In addition to causing central nervous system depression and lung irritation, phosphine can also affect the liver. Other common effects of acute exposure include weakness, fatigue, headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and difficulty swallowing.
Ag-containing antibacterial self-healing micro-arc oxidation coatings on Mg–Zn–Sr alloys
Published in Surface Engineering, 2021
Yang Chen, Jinhe Dou, Zengfen Pang, Zhiqiang Zheng, Huijun Yu, Chuanzhong Chen
The abundant Cl− ions in SBF accelerated the pitting corrosion of the samples and removal of the passivation layer. However, the presence of HPO42−/PO42−, HCO3−/CO32− anions and Ca2+ ions contributed to the formation of calcium phosphate and carbonate salt. The generated products prevented the passivation layer from being peeling off, thereby reducing the occurrence of pitting corrosion [16]. The porous and rough surface of MAO coatings provided suitable nucleation sites for calcium phosphide, which exhibited excellent bioactivity and corrosion resistance. During the degradation process of Ag-containing samples, the release of Ag+ killed the bacteria by attaching to the cell membrane and penetrating into the bacteria. Then Ag+ would break the bacteria wall, bind with organic groups and thiols of enzymes, causing disorder of normal bacteria function like permeability and respiration, even changing DNA of bacteria by reacting with sulphur- or phosphorus-containing compounds [53,54]. Furthermore, Figure 3(c,d) shows that plenty of nano-sized silver oxide generated on the MAO coatings. It was known that small metal oxide nanoparticles exhibited the strongest bactericidal effect [55]. The positive charge on the surface of the metal oxide nanoparticles contributed to their binding with negatively charged surface of the bacteria and played a bactericidal role. Therefore, a sufficient amount of nano-sized Ag-containing particles were prone to interact with the bacteria, leading to the collapse of the bacteria.
Smoldering of Storage Rice: Effect of Moldy Degree and Moisture Content
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Jingwen Wang, Weiyi Xing, Xinyan Huang, Xin Jin, Heng Yu, Junling Wang, Lei Song, Wenru Zeng, Yuan Hu
To date, very few studies have investigated the combustion and fire behavior of grains. Also, there is no industry standard to evaluate the fire hazard of grain storage, except for the protocol of preventing self-ignition. Under improper water control, the proportion of mildew could be more than 5% after harvest. Thus, the vast majority of granaries use chemical agents, such as phosphine, calcium phosphide, ethylene oxide, to fumigate the stored grain and inhibit the bio-activities of grain and microorganisms (Benhalima et al. 2004; Daft 1991; Hocking and Banks 1991; Price 1985). So far, no comparatively complete research is available for the effect of molding degree on the grain combustion process, especially smoldering combustion; thus, there is a knowledge gap.
Acute occupational phosphine intoxications in the maritime shipping sector: a scoping review
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Petra Van de Sijpe, Maria Luisa Canals, Olaf Jensen, David Lucas
Phosphine, when used as a fumigant, is applied in two physical forms: as gas from pressurized cylinders or as a metallic phosphide, such as Aluminum phosphide, Magnesium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Zinc phosphide which react with ambient moisture to release phosphine gas.8 Phosphine is a colorless, flammable gas with the smell of garlic or rotten fish. The threshold of olfactory detection in humans varies according to individuals but seems to appear above 0.3 ppm.9 The main route of systemic absorption is through the lungs. Phosphides can also be absorbed through damaged skin.10 For workers, the major risk is mainly during acute exposure. Cardiac arrest, vascular collapse, and pulmonary edema may occur.11 Most deaths occur within 12 to 24 hours of exposure and are related to cardiac effects. Cardiovascular toxicity is reversible.12,13 The risk of death arises with exposures greater than 400 ppm of phosphine and after 30 minutes. Health problems could also occur with a concentration lower than 50 ppm.14 The long-term follow-up of intoxicated patients did not show the persistence of those disorders. But respiratory diseases such as Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome RADS could occur after subacute exposure at a moderate dose.15 Phosphine is not classified as carcinogenic or reprotoxic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Protection Agency.8 The Threshold Limit Value-Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV STEL) is 0.2 ppm in Europe and 1 ppm in the USA. Threshold limit value- 8 hr-Time-weighted average (TLV TWA) are 0.1 ppm in Europe and 0.3 ppm in the USA.8