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Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Cadmium sulfide Cadmium telluride Calcium Calcium bromide Calcium carbide Calcium carbonate (calcite) Calcium carbonate (aragonite) Calcium chloride Calcium cyanide Calcium fluoride Calcium hydride Calcium hydroxide Calcium iodide Calcium nitrate Calcium oxalate Calcium oxide Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcium sulfide Californium Camphor, ()Caprolactam Carbazole Carbon (diamond) Carbon dioxide Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide Carbon [fullerene-C60] Carbon [fullerene-C70] Carbon (graphite) Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonyl fluoride Cerium Cerium(III) bromide Cerium(III) chloride Cerium(III) iodide Cerium(III) oxide Cerium(IV) oxide Cerium(II) sulfide Cesium Cesium amide Cesium bromide Cesium carbonate Cesium chloride Cesium fluoride Cesium hydride Cesium hydrogen carbonate Cesium hydrogen fluoride Cesium hydrogen sulfate Cesium hydroxide Cesium iodide Cesium metaborate Cesium nitrate Cesium oxide Cesium perchlorate Cesium sulfate Cesium sulfide Cesium sulfite Cesium superoxide Chlorine
Nuclear Fuel Materials
Published in C. K. Gupta, Materials in Nuclear Energy Applications, 1989
The flowchart for plutonium metal preparation is shown in Figure 35. The starting source is the plutonium nitrate solution in nitric acid obtained from spent fuel processing as described earlier. From this solution, either plutonium peroxide (Pu2O7) is precipitated by means of hydrogen peroxide or plutonium - (IV) oxalate by oxalic acid. Upon heating, these intermediates yield the dioxide, PUO2, which can be used as a reactor fuel material. To produce the metal, the peroxide, oxalate, or dioxide is heated with a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and oxygen when the tetrafluoride is obtained. The tetrafluoride compound is then calcio-thermically reduced in the presence of iodine to produce plutonium metal in a consolidated form. Introduction of iodine provides extra heat by reacting with calcium and the calcium iodide, so formed, fluxes the calcium fluoride slag to form a low-melting fusible slag. These side events in the PuF4-Ca reaction brought about by iodine addition facilitates greatly in securing a plutonium metal well separated from the slag. The reaction is carried out in a closed reactor in much the same way as described for uranium metal production. While the oxalate precipitation-calcination-fluorination-calciothermic reduction is the most commonly used method of production of plutonium, the dashed lines in the flowchart show the various other routes that can be implemented for metallic plutonium production.
Methanol Conversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Halogen compounds that can generate halide ion exhibit favorable effect on carbonylation reaction as pre-activators. These compounds include alkali metal iodides, alkali earth metal iodides, complexes of the salts capable of generating Br and I or their mixture. The appropriate alkali metals are lithium iodide and calcium iodide.
Strain-tunable electronic, elastic, and optical properties of CaI2 monolayer: first-principles study
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2020
Xiao-Fang Chen, Li Wang, Zhao-Yi Zeng, Xiang-Rong Chen, Qi-Feng Chen
A single layer of calcium iodide (CaI2), whose 3D structure corresponds to an excellent scintillating material [32], is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 3.97 eV [25]. Inspired by the excellent optical properties of 3D CaI2 [33], 2D CaI2 is also expected to find applications in the field of optoelectronics. To date, the only work on such materials was in 2016 by Lu et al. [25] who calculated the structure and electronic properties of monolayer CaI2 by employing the full-potential method with a mixed basis APW + lo (FLAPW). Several of the other properties of 2D CaI2 have not been studied, especially in regard to their optical properties.