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Plumbing, Electrical, and Mechanical Systems
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
In the 1930s, PVC water and wastewater pipe was introduced by the Germans. Many of the earlier PVC pipes installed in central Germany are allegedly still in use to this day. After World War II, PVC water and wastewater pipe began its rise in popularity within the United States, becoming the industry standard, replacing metal pipes. Yet, PVC is not without its problems. It becomes brittle in freezing temperatures; it will warp in hot water; and extreme temperatures may result in the release of hydrogen chloride. PVC has a maximum service temperature of 140°F (60°C) (Georg Fischer Harvel LLC 2015). Subsequently, technology developed and introduced chlorinated-PVC (CPVC). CPVC is less brittle and has a maximum service temperature of 200°F (93°C) (Georg Fischer Harvel LLC 2015). Although slightly more expensive, CPVC became “the preferred alternative” to PVC pipe by the mid-1980s. Although emissions in cool to temperate water temperatures are unlikely, elevated temperatures and above-ground PVC pipes are likely to degrade and become brittle due to solar UV light. The combustion products of PVC include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride, and CPVC may produce small amounts of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride as well (Georg Fischer Harvel 2015).
Building Construction Technology and Management
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Plumbing system is used in buildings for water supply. It supplies water to the kitchen and toilet through the piping system. The drainage system is used to eliminate human waste through a well-organized drainage pipeline network. For distribution system pipes, galvanized iron (GI), copper, high-density polyethylene, and chlorinated polyinyl chloride (CPVC) are generally used. Nowadays, mainly CPVC plastic pipes are used because they are not rusted, light weight, easy to install and maintain, and are economical. It includes fixtures and fixture traps; soil and waste pipes; ventilation pipes; building drain and construction sewer; and storm drainage pipes.
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL SERVICES
Published in Fred Hall, Roger Greeno, Building Services Handbook, 2011
Sprinkler developed systems further were by initially credited to an American, Grinnell, Henry the Parmalee, following his research during the late 1800s. The idea was another American, Frederick and name 'Grinnell' is still associated with the glass-type fusible element sprinkler head. Domestic pipework solvent cement bonded, post-chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). Industrial and commercial pipework threaded galvanised mild steel. The simplest application is to attach and suspend sprinkler heads from a water main fixed at ceiling level. However, some means of regulation and control is needed and this is shown in the domestic application indicated below.
Corrosion resistance of commonly used plumbing materials for water distribution systems exposed to disinfection treatments
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
Roberto Giovanardi, Massimiliano Bononi, Massimo Messori, Annalisa Bargellini, Stefania Paduano, Paola Borella, Isabella Marchesi
Hospitals worldwide are increasingly relying on in-building disinfection to control waterborne opportunistic pathogens (e.g. Legionella pneumophila, nontuberculosis mycobacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with the aim of preventing disease outbreaks in vulnerable patients [1,2]. Both physical and chemical treatments are used to disinfect the drinking water systems of buildings and each option has its own advantages and disadvantages [3,4]. However, interactions between disinfectants and water chemistry and plumbing materials may cause other detrimental effects (e.g. formation of disinfection byproducts and/or metallic corrosion) which could compromise plumbing system integrity and even influence the efficacy of disinfection [5–8]. It is widely accepted that disinfectant residuals can speed up corrosion [9,10]. However, few studies have been carried out on the impact of secondary disinfectants on pipe deterioration and corrosion and most of the studies published were conducted on water distribution system models rather than under real-world conditions [7,9,11–15]. Most of the studies that investigate the corrosion mechanisms induced by the chemicals on the plumbing materials consider a single material (usually copper or unprotected steel) and a single disinfectant (usually chlorine dioxide) [7,11,12,13]; other studies examine very specific situations, for example, the interactive effects of corrosion, copper and chloramines in experimental plumbing systems where a sacrificial aluminium anode was used [15], the impact of disinfectants on autogenous leak hole repair in copper pipeline [16] and the effect of disinfectants on copper erosion corrosion phenomena in realistic freshwater chemistry in laboratory experiments [17]. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the corrosion resistance of commonly used plumbing materials (copper, brass, stainless steel, galvanised steel) under real field conditions, in the presence of three different disinfection treatments generally used in hospital hot water distribution networks. The study was conducted over a long period of time (1 year) in order to evaluate the free corrosion of the four materials. The test rack used to mount the metal samples was made of chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC), a polymeric material commonly used in plumbing systems, which allowed us to evaluate the degradation of the mechanical properties of CPVC at the end of the corrosion test.