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Tailor-Made Process to Recover High Added Value Compounds from Fishery By-Products
Published in Francisco J. Barba, Elena Roselló-Soto, Mladen Brnčić, Jose M. Lorenzo, Green Extraction and Valorization of By-Products from Food Processing, 2019
José Antonio Vázquez, Ana I. Durán, Araceli Menduíña, Margarita Nogueira, Javier Fraguas, Jesús Mirón, Jesús Valcárcel
Fish bones of swordfish and tuna processed at dual temperatures, 600 ºC and 950 ºC, produced two types of inorganic materials β-type HAp at 600 ºC and HAp+β-TCP (87:13 ratio) at 950 ºC with remarkable concentrations of Sr and Mg, which is biologically much beneficial than synthetic apatites (Boutinguiza et al., 2012). When pyrolysis was applied to codfish bone, carbonate apatite (CAp: Ca10(PO4)6(CO3)2) and a mixture of oxyapatite (OAp: Ca10(PO4)6O) and graphitic carbon were generated heating up to 800 ºC and higher than 800 ºC, respectively (Piccirillo et al., 2017). This combination of OAp-carbon (bone char) revealed high efficiency for fluoxetine and diclofenac adsorption, whereas CAp is the best substrate for Pb(II) adsorption. In this context, when cod fish bones are initially washed with solutions of Ag or Fe(II) and then calcinated at T>650 ºC, doped bioapatites were obtained (Piccirillo et al., 2015, 2014b). In the first case, Ag-HAp showed antibacterial and phytocatalytic activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa under different conditions of luminosity. In the second case, Fe-HAp was an excellent photostable sunscreen protector with good absorption of whole UV range and without irritation and erythema problems.
Adsorption and Ion-Exchange Processes
Published in Thomas E. Carleson, Nathan A. Chipman, Chien M. Wai, Separation Techniques in Nuclear Waste Management, 2017
Bone char, which is formed by burning cattle bones, was the major focus of the work in the late 1970s at Mound. This coarse material (8–28 mesh) was produced by Stauffer Chemical. The research done at Mound indicated that bone char was quite effective for the removal of Pu (and Am to some extent) from neutral or basic solutions. In 1989, bone char was again evaluated along with some other resins and absorbents for the removal of Pu from low-level wastewater.14 The conclusion from this study indicated that bone char was far superior to any of the other materials for removal of Pu from near-neutral solutions. This material is no longer produced by Stauffer, and a synthetic material, called bone ash, does not remove the radionuclides as thoroughly as bone char does. This bone ash appears to be a synthetic calcium hydroxyapatite that has been calcined. Perhaps it is still possible to obtain bone char as an import from Great Britain.
Fluoride, arsenic and uranium removal from water using adsorbent materials and integrated membrane systems
Published in Alberto Figoli, Jan Hoinkis, Jochen Bundschuh, Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Removal of Toxic Trace Elements with Emphasis on Arsenic, Fluoride and Uranium, 2016
Hacene Mahmoudi, Noreddine Ghaffour, Mattheus Goosen
Ayoob et al. (2008) highlighted the basic principles and procedures involved in current F−elimination technologies. They reported that defluoridation techniques can be generally grouped into coagulation, adsorption and/or ion exchange, electrochemical, and membrane processes. The coagulation technique involves precipitation or coprecipitation of F− by using suitable reagents like lime, calcium and magnesium salts, polyaluminum chloride, and alum. Adsorption is another important technique most widely used for excess F− removal from aqueous solution. In this process a packed bed of adsorbent in fixed columns is continuously used for cyclic sorption and/or desorption of pollutants by effectively utilizing the capacity of the bed. The adsorbents generally used include bone char, activated alumina, activated carbon, activated bauxite, ion-exchange resins, fly ash, super phosphate and tricalcium phosphate, clays and soils, synthetic zeolites, and other minerals.
Waste bone char-derived adsorbents: characteristics, adsorption mechanism and model approach
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Abarasi Hart, Duduna William Porbeni, Selina Omonmhenle, Ebikapaye Peretomode
For the production of bone char, many types of bones can be used, such as those from camels, swine, ostriches, cows, chickens, goats, porcine, turkeys, and bovines [40,41]. These bones can be classified into two categories: hard bones (i.e. bovine, camel, etc.) and soft bones (i.e. fishbone, chicken, etc.). Gasification and pyrolysis are the two main methods of producing bone char (BC). A pyrolysis process is the thermal degradation of a waste bone under oxygen-limited atmosphere producing BC residue and bio-oil (250°C–850°C), whereas gasification involves the partial oxidation of bone biomass at high temperatures to produce a gaseous energy carrier (i.e. syngas) and BC. Unlike pyrolysis, gasification occurs at much higher temperatures, resulting in the production of gases. Pyrolysis produces BC with varying physiochemical characteristics that are influenced by various factors, including heat rate, gas atmosphere, and residence time [1]. Also, pyrolysis yields more BC than gasification. In contrast, calcination can be used to produce BC adsorbent, particularly hydroxyapatite material. Adsorption capacity and catalytic properties of BC are influenced by the surface properties and production conditions, including temperature and residence time. During BC synthesis, bone apatite minerals become dehydroxylated from its hydroxyapatite when high temperatures are applied. Residence time, heating rate, and purging gas are critical factors that affect the quality of BC produced at different thermochemical conversion temperatures [14].
Multi-component adsorption study by using bone char: modelling and removal mechanisms
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Regiane C. Ferreira, Diogo Dias, Isabel Fonseca, Maria Bernardo, João Lourenço Castagnari Willimann Pimenta, Nuno Lapa, Maria A. S. D. de Barros
Porous carbon materials are known to be highly efficient adsorbents. Particularly, those obtained from bio-waste have been extensively studied in recent years for their notable efficiency in the removal of both organic micropollutants and heavy metals [22–26]. In this context, low-cost bone-derived carbon materials are especially attractive. Bone char (BC) is manufactured by the carbonization of cattle bones in a furnace under an inert or partially oxidizing atmosphere, at temperatures ranging from 500°C to 800°C [27,28]. This adsorbent contains only approximately 10% of carbon, which is distributed through a porous hydroxyapatite structure (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) [27,29]. Bone chars have proven their efficiency for water decolorization, removal of dyes [29,30] and in the adsorption of toxic metals [31–35], fluoride [36,37], PhCs [38–40], among other substances. BC is a unique adsorbent owing to its high removal efficiency for different adsorbates, using different mechanisms such as electrostatic interactions, pore filling, and ion exchange [38,40].