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Heavy Metals
Published in Abhik Gupta, Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination of Surface and Underground Water, 2020
Bismuth (Bi) with an atomic number of 83, an atomic weight of 208.98, and a density of 9.75 g cm–3 is a heavy metal that occurs in nature both as a free metal and in ores. The two major ores are bismutite, which is bismuth subcarbonate [Bi2(CO3)O2], and bismuthinite or bismuth sulfide [(Bi2S3)]. Bismuth in these ores is associated with lead and antimony. The major use of bismuth is in the making of alloys, especially those with low melting points, which are often used in welding. Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor, and several bismuth salts are used in cosmetics and medicines. Bismuth also acts as a catalyst in the production of acrylic fibers, and in fire detectors and extinguishers (Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety 2012).
Sound Production
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
While it is unclear exactly how the cracking effect is generated, two theories have been proposed. First, noting the thermite-type reaction in Equation 12.1, the bismuth oxide is reduced to elemental bismuth, but the reaction temperature (owing to the presence of magnalium) will be above the boiling point of bismuth, which is approximately 2,800°C. So, elemental bismuth is both quickly produced and immediately flash-boiled, rapidly expanding in air (before quickly cooling back to a solid), creating the pressure-burst sound effects that the human ear hears as a crackle. Second, large particles of metal, such as magnalium, titanium, or zirconium, appear to be a source of the crackling effect. Large granules of magnalium have been pinpointed as the source of the crackle in studies where the large granules have been observed breaking into smaller spark particles in air, incidentally generating the “crackle” (Kosanke, et al. 2012).
Cumulative and Transboundary Impact Assessment
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, silver-white semi-metal with a low melting point. Most bismuth compounds are non-toxic, which has led to the use of bismuth as a replacement for lead in solders, shot and bullets. Other uses include in nuclear reactors, in alloys and fire detection devices. Commonly associated with lead and tungsten ores, the most common bismuth-bearing mineral is bismuthinite.
Examining Practical Application Feasibility of Bismuth-Embedded SBA-15 for Gaseous Iodine Adsorption
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
Seong Woo Kang, Jae-Hwan Yang, Man-Sung Yim
Much research have been conducted on using the waste form of captured iodine as bismuth-iodine-oxide layered materials.20,22–25 Bismuth has very low solubility as a compound with iodine and also has unusually low toxicity for heavy metal.26 Yang et al. researched the use of bismuth-based adsorbents as an alternative to silver-exchanged zeolites to capture gaseous iodine released from fuel reprocessing. Yang et al.’s research focused on using SBA-15 mesoporous silica, which has larger pore sizes and surface area than zeolites, as a backbone of bismuth-based adsorption. Through this study, it was shown that high chemisorption capacity exists for capturing gaseous iodine by forming BiI3 and thus producing thermodynamically stable compounds.27 Also, SBA-15 is directly synthesized in acidic conditions and has acid resistance.28–33
For creating layered composite materials based on monocrystalline silicone for gradient heat measurement based by diffusion welding method
Published in Welding International, 2019
O. A. Barabanova, S. V. Nabatchikov, S. Z. Sapozhnikov
The use of metallic LCMs was proposed in the first stage of the work for developing high-temperature gradient heat flow sensors (GHFS). The following were proposed as basic requirements for them: The LCM should possess anisotropy of thermal conductivity in two mutually perpendicular directions.In the joint zone, the components of the LCM should form solid solutions, allowing a thermo-EMF of a sufficient level to be obtained.The working temperature of the LCM should be above the melting point of bismuth (271°C).The components of the LCM should possess chemical resistance to the media in which the GHFS will be used.The strength of the LCM should provide cutting of the blank into layers of a specified thickness at an angle of 20–45° to the working planes and subsequent assembly and use of the GHFS.
Removal of methylene blue from water solution by modified nano-boehmite with Bismuth
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2018
Farhad Salimi, Sayed Shahab Emami, Changiz Karami
The word bismuth is derived from the German word Weissmuth or white substance. Bismuth is the 83rd element in the periodic table with an atomic mass of 208.980 and is the heaviest stable element on the periodic table. Although bismuth is a relatively rare element (ranking 64th in abundance in the Earth's crust), large quantities of bismuth are produced annually as a by-product of copper and tin refining. In spite of its heavy metal status, bismuth is considered to be safe, as it is non-toxic and noncarcinogenic.[34, 35]