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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Biguanides refer to the class of compounds that are derivatives of imidodicarbonimidic diamide. The most commonly known biguanide is chlorhexidine [1,6-bis(4ʹ-chlorophenyl-biguanide)hexane], usually used as its digluconate salt and which has a broad spectrum of activity. However, its action is pH dependent and greatly reduced by the presence of organic matter. It can only be used in very low concentrations in ophthalmic formulations because of its irritation potential. Chlorhexidine is believed to exert its action by membrane destabilization, leading to the leakage of intracellular components; at high concentrations, it can cause protein and nucleic acid precipitation [88]. It is generally used at concentrations of 5–10 ppm by weight. Because of its weak activity against yeast, fungi, and Serratia marcescens, it is usually used in combination with other agents such as EDTA and BAK.
Disinfectants and Biocides
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
Biguanides are polymers supplied in salt form, such as chlorhexidine, alexidine, and hydrochloride. Biguanides have a relatively wide spectrum of activity with the exception of killing bacterial endospores. This group is most effective at an alkaline pH and is rarely effective under acidic conditions. Biguanides affect the bacterial cell membrane and enter the cell through diffusion causing cell disruption and cytoplasm leakage (16).
Metformin adsorption onto activated carbon prepared by acid activation and carbonization of orange peel
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Oluwatimileyin Samuel Jimoh, Asiata Omotayo Ibrahim, Olugbenga Solomon Bello
Metformin; a biguanide, an antihyperglycaemic agent, is one of the widely prescribed drugs for Type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment (Graham et al.2011). Lactic acidosis is an adverse effect that surfaces when there is an overdose intake of metformin. Metformin is not always metabolized in the body; thereby it’s been excreted out in urine and feaces resulting in its appearance as a pollutant in the environment (Kim et al.2014; Laginhas et al.2016). Metformin is one of the numerous emerging micropollutants in the aquatic environment and soil with a high permeating effect and is widely found in wastewater effluent as well as in tap water (Bradley et al.2016; Zhu et al.2017). As low as 40 µg/L of metformin harms some aquatic life; affects the size and causes intersex gonads in male fish (Niemuth and Klaper 2015) and when present in the soil, it causes retarded growth of carrots (Eggen et al.2011). Therefore, the need for its removal from the environment becomes imperative.
The impact of sodium salts on the physicochemical properties of the mixture of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and metformin hydrochloride drug at several temperatures
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Roksanur Akter, Shamim Mahbub, M. Alfakeer, Md. Tuhinur R. Joy, Md. Niaz Ishtiak, Shahed Rana, Dileep Kumar, Md. Anamul Hoque
Metformin hydrochloride (N,N- dimethylbiguanide; MNH), is suggested for category-2 diabetes mellitus in the oral form. It is a member of the biguanide family of anti-diabetic drugs which is linked to galegine (a derivative of biguanidine) as well [36]. MNH is freely soluble in water and possesses hydrophilic nature. Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), acationic surfactant, which has the use in capillary electrophoresis, stabilising nanoparticles and research purposes [37–39]. The mixture of drug and surfactant has usages in the field of pharmaceuticals, biology research area, etc. We did not find any work which is completely matched with the presented study. Therefore, the current study has novelty and much importance in the relevant arena. Due to large applications of surfactants in the pharmaceutical formulation, drug carrier and other industries, we devised the current investigation to insight the impact of different sodium salts on the interaction of TTAB with anti-diabetic drug, MNH by means of conductivity technique. To understand the aggregation nature of the TTAB + MNH mixture and interaction forces between the components in aq. environment and aq. Na-salts media, several physico-chemical variables such as CMC, counterion binding, thermodynamic parameters and enthalpy–entropy compensation parameters associated with the studied system have been evaluated. The measured parameters are described clearly in the text of the manuscript.
A review on solid base heterogeneous catalysts: preparation, characterization and applications
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
Diksha K. Jambhulkar, Rajendra P. Ugwekar, Bharat A. Bhanvase, Divya P. Barai
Several strong organic bases like guanidine (Xie and Wan 2019), biguanide (Xie and Hu 2016), and ionic liquids (Xie et al. 2015a; Xie and Wan 2018), which were previously used as homogeneous base catalysts are also anchored onto mesoporous materials to prepare a hybrid solid base catalyst. Metal organic frameworks are self-constructed advanced porous materials having large surface area, structural stability, and adaptable pore structure. They are widely used as porous support for heterogeneous catalysts. Hybrid solid base catalyst was synthesized by Xie et al. (Xie and Hu 2016) which was a biguanide organic base anchored onto mesoporous silica SBA-15 catalyst support, to form biguanide functionalized solid base catalysts. It was reported that biguanide functionalized solid base catalysts are strong base catalysts because biguanide possesses strong bases as compared to other organic bases such as guanidines, amines, and amidines. These catalysts can be separated easily and reused 4 to 5 times without loss in activity. Also, the mesoporous structure of supports remained unaltered after the grafting of organic bases.