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Organic Compounds
Published in Epstein Eliot, The Science of Composting, 2017
In 1990, results of an analysis for organic compounds in leaf compost from several communities in New York State showed that only 12 of the 139 compounds analyzed were detected at the parts-per-billion level. The compounds, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)an-thracene, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(l,2,2-cd)pyrene and diben-zo(a,h)anthracene, were detected at very low parts-per-billion dry weight. The discrepancy between Herrera et al. (1991) and the New York State data could be the result of the extent of composting, in terms of time, temperature and aeration.
Incident command post exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter during a wildfire
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2019
Kathleen M. Navarro, Ricardo Cisneros, Donald Schweizer, Pujeeta Chowdhary, Elizabeth M. Noth, John R. Balmes, S. Katharine Hammond
Wildland fire smoke contains hazardous air pollutants such as carbon monoxide, benzene, formaldehyde, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), acrolein, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).[5,7] PAHs are hazardous air pollutants formed during incomplete combustion, are detected in food, air, and soil, and exist in the environment in both the gaseous and particulate phases.[8] Commonly, PAHs are most known for their carcinogenic potential, but have also been associated with other adverse health outcomes. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has reported benzo[a]pyrene as a human carcinogen, benz[a]anthracene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene as probable human carcinogens and benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, and naphthalene as possible human carcinogens.[9–11] Past occupational health studies found that inhalational exposure to PAHs was associated with a higher risk of lung and bladder cancer and dermal exposure was associated with an increased risk of skin cancer.[12,13] Additionally, PAH exposure has been associated with cardiopulmonary mortality and immunotoxicity.[14,15]
Evaluation of Pilot Scale Domestic Wastewater Reuse System in Terms of Irrigation and Industrial Process Waters in Turkey
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
Recep Kaya, Turker Turken, Mehmet Emin Pasaoglu, Ayse Yuksekdag, Sevde Korkut, Ismail Koyuncu
Fifteen different types of micropollutants were chosen as target micropollutants and their removal rates were studied, as summarized in Table 2. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a common type of pesticide used to control insects in agriculture and insects carrying diseases like malaria. It does not have any odor or taste. DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) and DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) are similar chemicals to DDT. Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Isodrin, Heptachlor, Benzo(a)pyrene, Pyrene, and DDT-like chemicals are organochlorine insecticides on the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Even some developing countries still use these compounds due to their low cost and versatility in industry, agriculture and public health (Zhang et al. 2004). Fluoranthene, Benzo(b)Fluoranthene, Benzo(k)Fluoranthene are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) substances. PAHs are prevalent in urban watersheds, and their concentrations in urban waterways are associated with the degree of urbanization and population density (Meyer, Lei, and Wania 2011). These compounds are toxic to mammals, act like hormones, disrupting the reproductive systems of humans and wildlife. It also allows to monitor the effects of industry, agriculture and surface flow simultaneously. The micropollutant analysis was carried out for WWTP effluent, UF effluent, RO permeate and RO concentrate streams which were taken at different times during operation. The results were listed in Table 2 in the ppt (ng/L) unit. Among the measured micropollutant parameters, they were not detected in the WWTP effluent, UF effluent and RO permeate streams. Very low micropollutant concentrations were detected only in RO concentrate samples.
Organic Pollutants Hazard in Sediments and Green Mussels in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Muhammad Yudhistira Aziz, Anne Piram, Laurence Asia, Agus Salim, Nuning Vita Hidayati, Buchari Buchari, Pierre Doumenq, Agung Dhamar Syakti
All solvents used are n-heptane (HEPT), acetone (ACET), dichloromethane (DCM), and acetonitrile (ACN), are of SupraSolv for GC, HPLC, and residue analysis ≥99.9% grade (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The HCl (37%) is pure grade (Fisher Scientific, Leicestershire, UK). The mixture and individual deuterated internal standards were used such as PAH mix 9 deuterated (naphthalene-d8, acenaphtylene-d8, acenapthene-d8, fluorene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, anthracene-d10, fluoranthene-d12, pyrene-d12, benzo(a)anthracene-d12, chrysene-d12, benzo(b) fluoranthene-d12, benzo(k) fluoranthene-d12; benzo(a) pyrene-d12, indeno (123cdi) pyrene-d12; benzo(ghi) perylene-d12; and dibenzo(ah) anthracene-d14), pp’-DDT-d4, pp’-DDE-d4, PCB-101-d3 (CIL CLUZEAU, Andover, MA, USA), and [2H40]n-nonadecane (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA). Nine individual standard solutions of pesticides are used: pp’-DDT, pp’-DDE, pp’-DDD, HCB, endosulfan-1, aldrin, and dieldrin [CIL CLUZEAU, Andover, MA, USA]; heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide [Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA]. Several standard mixed solutions as mixed solutions were used such as PAH Mix 25 and US EPA 16 PAH (naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene; benzo(a) pyrene, indeno (123cdi) pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene, (Dr. Ehrenstorfer Laboratories, Augsburg, Germany)). The PCB mix 3, 7 PCB mix solutions (PCB 28 (2,4,4ʹ-trichlorobiphenyl); PCB 52(2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl); PCB 101 (2,2′,4,5,5′-pentachlorobiphenyl); PCB 118 (2,3ʹ,4,4ʹ,5-pentachlorobiphenyl); PCB 138 (2,2ʹ,3,4,4ʹ,5ʹ-hexachlorobiphenyl) PCB-153 (2,2ʹ,4,4ʹ,5,5ʹ-hexachlorobiphenyl); and PCB 180 (2,2ʹ,3,4,4ʹ,5,5ʹ-heptachlorobiphenyl), (CIL CLUZEAU, Andover, MA, USA) are used. The standard working solutions are diluted with DCM (SGS, France). Alumina, silica gel 60 (200–300 mesh) and Cu powder (>230 mesh) are purchased from VWR International and Merck (Darmsdadt, Germany) for the purification method of sediments.