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Published in W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 2016
W. M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno
Benzene 1,2-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenediamine 1,4-Benzenediamine 1,3-Benzenedimethanamine Benzenethiol p-Benzidine Benzo[b]fluoranthene Benzo[a]pyrene p-Benzoquinone Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl acetate Beryllium Biphenyl Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bis(chloromethyl) ether Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Bismuth telluride Boric acid Boron oxide Boron tribromide Boron trifluoride Bromacil Bromine Bromine pentafluoride Bromochloromethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromoethane Bromoethene Bromomethane 1-Bromopropane 3-Bromopropene Bromotrifluoromethane 1,3-Butadiene Butane 2,3-Butanedione 1-Butanethiol 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Butanone 2-Butanone peroxide trans-2-Butenal 1-Butene cis-2-Butene trans-2-Butene 3-Buten-2-one 2-Butoxyethanol 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert-Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butylamine tert-Butyl chromate tert-Butyl ethyl ether Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl lactate 1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 2-sec-Butylphenol Cadmium Cadmium Calcium chromate Calcium cyanamide Calcium hydroxide Calcium metasilicate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfate Camphor, (+) Caprolactam Captafol Captan Carbaryl Carbofuran Carbon (graphite) Carbon black Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbonyl chloride
Chemistry
Published in Grimmer Gemot, Dr. Chem., Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1983
A series deriving from anthracene by linear condensation of C4 fragments (e.g., tetracene, pentacene) is almost completely lacking. However, quite often a further benzene ring is added and a five-membered ring is formed. Thus, naphthalene (in positions 1 and 8) combines with benzene to form fluoranthene, and, analogously, benzo[b]fluoranthene and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene are formed of phenanthrene and pyrene, respectively.
Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of multi-contaminated industrial soil using sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Vitor S. Liduino, Eliana F. C. Servulo, Fernando J. S. Oliveira
A standard stock solution containing C7-C40 saturated alkanes (each at 1000 mg mL−1 in hexane), C20-d42 and C24-d50, and also 2-fluorobiphenyl and terphenyl-d14 were obtained from Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). A standard PAH mixture containing acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno[1,2,3,cd]pyrene, naphthalene, phenantrene, and pyrene, each one at 2.0 mg mL−1 in dichloromethane: benzene were obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). A mixture containing the deuterated compounds acenaphthene-d10, chrysene-d12, naphthalene-d8, perylene-d12 and phenantrene-d10 was obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA). A stock solution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (each at 2 mg mL−1 in methanol) was obtained from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA).
Migration rules of petroleum pollutants in water and soil: a review
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Petroleum components are complex, mainly composed of C and H elements, and contain impurities such as S, N, O, and metal elements (approximately 45 kinds). Petroleum pollutants are mainly divided into petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH); volatile organic compounds, including carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene; and semi-volatile organic compounds, mainly including nitrobenzene, aniline, benzo [α] anthracene, benzo [α] pyrene, benzo [b] fluoranthene, benzo [k] fluoranthene, naphthalene, and 2-chlorophenol. Among them, PAHs and halogenated hydrocarbons (Liu et al. 2008) are highly toxic; for example, benzene, methylene chloride, methylene chloride, and trichloromethane which have relatively high solubility in water, are toxic substances and possibly of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic, and they are the focus of petroleum pollutants. The detection rate of 16 PAHs in a sludge contaminated site is 100%, and the detection rate of 16 PAHs in the surrounding soil is 58.3–100%; the pollutants are naphthalene, acenaphthene, dihydroacenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, beryllium, pyrene, benzo [α] lanthracene, and benzo [a] pyrene (Xu et al. 2016). The most abundant component are 3–4 ring PAHs, such as fluorene (Fle), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), fluoranthene (Flu), and pyrene (Pyr). TPH in the oil well area of the Yellow River Delta has reached the maximum concentration in the soil layer of 10- 20 cm, and the influence range of oil spill pollutants is mainly 0-20 cm, the total organic carbon (TOC) is positively correlated with TPH (Onojake et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2018). Biomarker components such as hopane, cholesterol, baccarane, androstane, pyrene, perylene, quinone, benzophenanthrene, benzo ((a) anthracene, anthracene, fluorescent anthracene, and other Environmental Protection Agency (EPAs) had also been detected (Abbasian et al. 2015).