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Synthesis of Solids
Published in Elaine A. Moore, Lesley E. Smart, Solid State Chemistry, 2020
Elaine A. Moore, Lesley E. Smart
The first was heating together barium carbonate and titanium dioxide at high temperature. This reaction produced carbon dioxide as well as the desired barium titanate. So this process produces a waste product, CO2 (Principle 1). Not all the atoms in the starting material are in the product (Principle 2). Barium carbonate is toxic if swallowed and can cause irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Titanium dioxide as fine particles is a possible carcinogen (Principle 3). To satisfy Principle 4, a nontoxic material with the desired properties of barium titanate would have to be synthesised instead. This is a high-temperature process so does not conform with Principle 6.
Inorganic Chemicals in Drinking Water
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Barium is an alkaline earth metal in the same category as magnesium, calcium, strontium, and radium, so it has very similar chemical properties. It forms Ba2+ salts with many anions, and many of the salts such as barium sulfate and barium carbonate have low water solubility. However, barium chloride is 37.4 percent water soluble at 25°C.
Sources of Hazardous Waste
Published in Patrick V. Brady, Michael V. Brady, David J. Borns, Natural Attenuation, 2018
Patrick V. Brady, Michael V. Brady, David J. Borns
Barium (Ba) is used in oil and gas drilling muds, and consequently shows up in oilfield waste inventories, where it is present as relatively insoluble sulfate minerals. Barium is also used in plastics, pesticides, a variety of oils and fuels, and in a number of medical treatments. Exposure to high levels of barium causes vomiting, diarrhea, and paralysis. Barium exists as Ba2+ in sub-alkaline solutions. At pH >9 BaCO3 ion pairs form. In sulfate-rich solutions the BaSO4 ion pair forms. The solids barium sulfate and barium carbonate (respectively barite and witherite) are very insoluble, and grow rapidly. Ba levels in solution are also limited by its appreciable adsorption to clays. The net effect of low solubility (given the right conditions) and non-trivial sorption is that Ba moves very slowly through soils. Although barium is taken up by aquatic organisms and plants, there appears to be little biomagnification in the latter (Smith et al., 1995). The MCL for Ba is 2 ppm.
Current status of biopsy markers for the breast in clinical settings
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Elian A. Martin, Neeraj Chauhan, Vijian Dhevan, Elias George, Partha Laskar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu
Mermaid medical develops, manufactures, and distributes a variety of medical devices for clinical use. Among its many products, Mermaid produces BeaconTM and Cassi® Star breast biopsy markers. These markers are made from the biocompatible polymer polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) with interspersed barium sulfate [61]. The Beacon marker is a 1.5 × 5 mm PEKK marker that appears as a cylindrical marker with a 3-hole design along the surface and a hole along the ends as well. The Cassi Star marker is a 1.5 × 5 mm PEKK marker that appears as a cylindrical marker with eight deep cut edges along the surface and a hole at both ends. The addition of barium sulfate allows permanent visibility of the marker via ultrasound, mammography, and MRI imaging [62]. These markers are differentiated based on their tissue fixation and how they obtain a bright reflection of the ultrasound waves [62].
Directed assembly of barium titanate nanopeapods via solvothermal processing with a mixed surfactant system
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2021
Alexis Blanco, Jennifer A. Webb, Rebecca R. DiMarco, John B. Wiley
BaTiO3 NPs with sizes ranging from 10 to 13 nm were synthesised via known solvothermal methods [41] in a stainless steel autoclave (Parr model 4749 A) with a Teflon liner. NaOH (12.5 mmol) was added to distilled water (2 mL) in vial (I) and Ba(NO3)2 (1 mmol) was added to distilled water (3 mL) in vial (II). A mixture of oleic acid (2.5 mL) and butanol (2 mL) was prepared separately in vial (III), and decanol (3 mL) was added to titanium (IV) butoxide (1 mmol) in vial (IV). The vials were combined in the reverse order in which they were made, i.e. (III) to (IV), (II) to (IV) and (I) to (IV). The resulting white mixture was stirred vigorously for 5 min via magnetic stirring. This was then transferred to the Teflon liner and placed into the autoclave. The autoclave was sealed, and the mixture was heated to 180 °C for 18 h. BaTiO3 NPs were collected, washed three times with toluene via centrifugation (6000 RPM) for 10 min, and dispersed in a non-polar solvent (toluene). Caution:Soluble barium salts are highly toxic and should be handled with extreme caution.
Evaluation of radiation dose reduction by barium composite shielding in an angiography system
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Jong-Woong Lee, Dae Cheol Kweon
Barium sulfate has long been used for in-vivo testing to contrast the density of soft tissues for radiology, and is one of the most economical and environmentally friendly shielding materials. Although harmless to the human body, previous studies have reported some limitations of barium sulfate as an independent shielding material due to its high density (4.5 g/cm3) and low compatibility with other materials. Previous studies have mixed barium sulfate with cerium, antimony, tungsten, gadolinium, boron and bismuth (18). Barium sulfate is relatively inert, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, harmless to humans, easy to mix with other compounds, and importantly, has a high radiation absorption coefficient, making it suitable for use in X-ray and γ-ray shielding (18). Barium sulfate shields are not classified as hazardous and are much less toxic than lead (13).