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Developing Effective Toxicity Factors
Published in Thomas E. Higgins, Jayanti A. Sachdev, Stephen A. Engleman, Toxic Chemicals, 2016
Thomas E. Higgins, Jayanti A. Sachdev, Stephen A. Engleman
One distortion in this analysis is the apparent relative impact of chromium. Undoubtedly, chromium releases are important, but the toxicity is based on a USEPA assumption that, in general, a sixth of the chromium releases are hexavalent chromium. All types of chromium releases are reported in the TRI together, yet hexavalent chromium is highly toxic, trivalent chromium is only moderately toxic, and metallic chromium is benign. As an example of a beneficial TRI modification, it would be useful to revise the TRI such that hexavalent and trivalent chromium were reported separately and metallic chromium eliminated from reporting. The same logic applies for cobalt and cobalt compounds. In addition, the commercial production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been banned in the United States since 1976; the only PCB releases are due to the presence of PCBs in products and materials produced before the ban took place and due to taking PCB-containing equipment out of service/remediation waste.
Introduction to Risk Assessment
Published in Elizabeth L. Anderson, Roy E. Albert, RISK ASSESSMENT and INDOOR AIR QUALITY, 2019
Elizabeth L. Anderson, David R. Patrick
The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent regulatory agency established to protect consumers from unreasonable risks of injury. Acting under the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), the CPSC can ban consumer products from the market, but their authority aims principally at manufacturers of products. Examples are the ban on carbon tetrachloride and asbestos in consumer products and the ban on vinyl chloride use in aerosol products. Risk assessment is not a primary tool in the decision process. The CPSC also publishes voluntary guidelines, disseminates public information, and funds research directed at indoor air quality issues.
Estuaries
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Predictive risk assessment aims at assessing the future risks from chemical releases into the environment. In the United States, the Federal Toxic Substances Control Act gives the EPA authority to regulate, and even ban, the manufacture, use, and distribution of both new and existing chemicals. In Europe, a significant improvement has occurred recently with a new chemical policy, REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals).[66] The pros and cons of REACH have been analyzed, with some details in Hansen[24] and Verdonck et al.[67]
Antibiotic resistome in the livestock and aquaculture industries: Status and solutions
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Yi Zhao, Qiu E. Yang, Xue Zhou, Feng-Hua Wang, Johanna Muurinen, Marko P. Virta, Kristian Koefoed Brandt, Yong-Guan Zhu
The consumption of antibiotics in animals has changed over time, which has been driven by the market but also by changes in local regulations. Sweden was the first pioneer of banning antibiotic growth promoter (AGP). During 1980–1986, the total usage of antibiotics in Sweden for animals was increased from 41 to 50.5 tons per year (Stein, 2002). This number dramatically dropped to 25.8 in 1986, when Sweden first banned the AGP in the animal feed (Stein, 2002). However, this first ban led to a slight increase of the total antibiotic use in the following years (increased to 30 tons per year during 1988–1994) since more occurrence of the postweaning diarrhea. By 1996, the total consumption of antibiotics in animals in Sweden was reduced to 20 tons by introducing more metals into animal diets for disease prevention and growth promotion (Stein, 2002). However, the global consumption of antibiotics in animals has been dramatically increasing with the human demand for the animal food, with the lack of regulation or intervention in mainly developing countries, and the consumption will probably continue to grow due to the upcoming shifting production practices from extensive farming systems to large-scale industrial systems in middle-income countries (Van Boeckel et al., 2015). Van Boeckel et al. estimated that 67% increase of the global consumption of antibiotics in animals (from 63,151 tons of antibiotics to 105,596 tons) would happen in the period from 2010 to 2030 (Van Boeckel et al., 2015).