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Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
On Monday morning, April 5, 1993, the City of Milwaukee Public Health Laboratory’s (MHDL) chief virologist and the commissioner of health received calls from citizens and local media inquiring about the nature of apparent gastrointestinal (GI) illness reports in the city. The director of nursing had anecdotal information that some pharmacies were selling out of anti-diarrheal medications. Unknown to the health department at that time, the Milwaukee Water Works (MWW) had received some complaints regarding the aesthetic quality of tap water. At that time our MHDL community-wide virology surveillance program revealed no obvious viral etiology to the suspect increase in diarrheal disease in the community. We then proceeded to call local hospital microbiology laboratories and emergency rooms (ER) and determined there was extreme GI illness throughout the city, notably on the south side of Milwaukee, based on dramatically increased testing for enteric disease and much higher ER patient numbers than normal. Local laboratories reported they had not identified a causative agent at this point. Other MHD staff were also seeing similar indicators throughout the city, such as increased absenteeism in schools and businesses. I then contacted MWW who indicated that chlorine and filtration systems were ‘OK.’ MHD staff also conferred with the mayor’s office and the Wisconsin State Division of Public Health. Given these negative findings, we coordinated with the city epidemiologist to arrange for the urgent collection of fresh ‘outbreak’ stool specimens from around the city for evaluation of a full battery of tests for infectious agents.
Prophylaxis and Chemotherapy
Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
Heather D. Stockdale, Jennifer A. Spencer, Byron L. Blagburn
Nonspecific antidiarrheal agents, including kaolin plus pectin (Kaopectate), loperamide (Imodium), diphenoxylate (Lomotil), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and opiates (tincture of opium, paregoric), are often helpful, but regimens must be individualized for each patient. The safety of nonspecific antidiarrheal therapy in patients with cryptosporidiosis is not known.
Cytotoxicity and maternal toxicity attributed to exposure to Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae) dry leaf extract
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Ana Luisa Trautenmuller, Jonathan de Almeida Soares, Kamila Campos Behm, Laura Maria Marques Guimarães, Kássia Roberta Xavier-Silva, Anielly Monteiro de Melo, Graziele Alícia Batista Caixeta, Joelma Abadia Marciano de Paula, Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso Bailão, Vanessa Cristiane Santana Amaral
M.charantia aerial parts extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against clinically resistant isolates, especially Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella strains (Mahamat et al. 2020; Svobodova et al. 2017). Synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using M. charantia leaf extract produced acaricidal, pediculicidal, and larvicidal activities against blood-feeding parasites (Gandhi et al. 2017). M. charantia leaf extract displayed hypolipidemic and antioxidant potential in mice fed with a high-fat diet (He et al. 2018). M. charantia was also used in diabetes management, and saponins may be responsible for its antidiabetic property (Elekofehinti et al. 2018; Shanker et al. 2017). Further, M. charantia exhibited antidiarrheal, trypanocidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic, chemopreventative, and anti-apoptotic bioactivities (Agrawal and Beohar 2010; Bakare et al. 2010, 2011; Bortolotti, Mercatelli, and Polito 2019; Chuang et al. 2020; He et al. 2018; Kanpalta et al. 2021; Ofuegbe et al. 2020; Santos et al. 2012; Svobodova et al. 2017). The biological activities of M. charantia aerial parts might be attributed to polysaccharides, terpenoids, and saponins already identified in this species (Elekofehinti et al. 2018; Jia et al. 2017).
Plasmonic photothermal effect on cytotoxicity of biogenic nanostructure synthesized through Litchi chinensis Sonn.
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
The plant contains naturally produced bioactive molecules that are being studied to contribute to the production of new clinical drugs for their anticancer activities. In our findings, quantitative screening of seed extracts revealed the presence of triterpenic glycosides (2693 mg/g), alkaloids (1020.1 mg/g), flavonoids (955.4 mg/g) and Vitamin C (156.773 mg/g) compounds. As per literature reports, it is important to note that the identified known compounds were reported to have biological properties. Triterpenoids are used for anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antidiarrheal, antiproliferative, cardioprotective, an esthetic, tonic and various other medicinal purposes. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and other secondary metabolites is essentially responsible for antibacterial activity, anticancer, cytotoxic and antimalarial activity. Flavonoid and glycosides have more potent in vitro cytotoxic activity toward A549, Hep-G2 and HeLa cancer cells.[31] Vitamin C, which is important in combating pancreas and other cancer cells, is also reported to have beneficial effects on the immune system and inflammation. The findings of several other laboratory experiments on animals and cell cultures indicate the cancer potential of vitamin C.[32]
Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Felipe de Melo Alcântara, Pedro Thiago da Silva, Quesya Mamede de Oliveira, Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza, Marllyn Marques da Silva, George Souza Feitoza, Wendeo Kennedy Costa, Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira, Cristiano Aparecido Chagas, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva
Previous investigators reported anti-inflammatory (Dantas-Medeiros et al. 2021), antidiarrheal (Pessoa et al. 2021) and in vivo antioxidant activity (Cordeiro et al. 2021) properties attributed to high content in polyphenols, more specifically in this study, gallic acid, catechin and epicatechin in the bark extracts, and chlorogenic acid in the leaf extracts. Further, the available literature indicates that this medicinal plant is safe for human consumption since there is no apparent evidence of toxicity.