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Water Treatment Operations
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
The primary route of exposure to arsenic for humans is ingestion. Exposure via inhalation is considered minimal, though there are regions where elevated levels of airborne arsenic occur periodically (Hering & Chiu, 1998). Arsenic occurs in two primary forms; organic and inorganic. Organic species of arsenic are predominately found in foodstuffs, such as shellfish, and include such forms as monomethyl arsenic acid (MMAA), dimethyl arsenic acid (DMAA), and arseno-sugars. Inorganic arsenic occurs in two valence states, arsenite and arsenate. In natural surface waters arsenate is the dominant species.
Precipitation Technology
Published in Jiaping Paul Chen, Decontamination of Heavy Metals, 2012
Arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) are primary forms of arsenic in soils and natural waters. Because of increasingly reported evidences of toxic effects from the arsenic, more strict regulations have been made to limit its discharge to sewers and water bodies.
Insights into the mechanisms of arsenic-selenium interactions and the associated toxicity in plants, animals, and humans: A critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Waqar Ali, Hua Zhang, Muhammad Junaid, Kang Mao, Nan Xu, Chuanyu Chang, Atta Rasool, Muhammad Wajahat Aslam, Jamshed Ali, Zhugen Yang
Arsenic uptake, translocation, accumulation, and toxicity in plants and food crops depend on environmental conditions, plant species, and the bioavailability of As species (Bhattacharya et al., 2012). Arsenate is a major As species in aerobic soil systems because AsV has a strong affinity to bind to iron oxide or to undergo hydrolysis; therefore, the AsV level ranged from <2.3 to 53 µM in uncontaminated or moderately to highly contaminated soil solutions, respectively (Wilson, Lockwood, Ashley, & Tighe, 2010; Zhao, Ma, Meharg, & McGrath, 2009). Arsenite is predominately observed in reducing environmental conditions, such as in flooded paddy soil (Zhao et al., 2009). Thermodynamically, the reduction of AsV to AsIII takes place in between redox potential, leading to the mobilization of AsIII into the soil solution, which causes an increase in As availability to plants (Chen et al., 2017). In paddy flooded soil, the concentration of AsIII ranges from 0.01 to 3 µM, a concentration that is much higher than that in AsV-contaminated soils (Zhao et al., 2009).
A review on electrochemical treatment of arsenic from aqueous medium
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Arsenic is a toxic element and conventional methods are found ineffective to remove it from water medium, especially to remove arsenite. Electrochemical methods are found to be effective to remove both arsenite and arsenate from water medium. This review article intent to be a powerful tool for researchers in the pursuit for exhaustive information on the removal of arsenic by electrocoagulation, captive deionization, indirect electrochemical oxidation, anodic oxidation, electro Fenton/bio electro-Fenton and other process are in alone or combined process. Effects of operational parameters such pH, applied voltage, initial arsenic concentration and other dissolved ions on these electrochemical methods are also assessed.
Evaluation of the dual-process approach for in-situ groundwater arsenic removal
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Sheng-Wei Wang, Shu-Yuan Pan, Yu-Hsuan Kao, Hyunook Kim, Chihhao Fan
In the As analysis, arsenite and arsenate were separated using an anion column (Hamilton PRP-X100, 10 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) connected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Agilent technologies 1260 infinity) that was interfaced subsequently to an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Perkin-Elmer SCIEX, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada). The mobile phase was a 50 mM (NH4)2HPO4 buffer solution (pH = 5) and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The variances of the duplicate measurements were less than 10%, and the recoveries of the check and spike samples were between 85% and 115%, respectively.