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Sb, 51]
Published in Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke, Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments, 2015
Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke
Antimony trioxide (stibnite; Sb2O3) is the most important Sb compound used in the industry. It is used mainly as an alloying metal for Pb in batteries (Pb-acid), for added strength and improved electrical properties. Sb alloys with Pb and Sn are used in bullets, and for solders and bearings. A variety of compounds containing Sb as the major constituents are used for other ammunition types and explosives. It is also applied in some microelectronics. This metal is used in fire retardant formulations for plastics, rubbers, textiles, paper, and paints. Antimony compounds, primarily sodium antimonate, are also used in decolorizing and refining agents for optical glass and cathode ray tube glass. In the electronics industry, the use of Sb grows for diodes. It is also applied in several chemical industries and in cosmetic production.
Analysis of 18th century glass beads with X-ray computed microtomography
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Innovation-Based Development of the Mineral Resources Sector: Challenges and Prospects, 2018
A.Y. Ramdani, T. Schlothauer, G. Heide, V.S. Nikiforova, I.V. Talovina
Several kinds of opacifiers have been used throughout history. The most ancient is Calcium antimonate giving a white color and lead antimonate giving a yellow color (Lahlil et al., 2008). The addition of Antimony and calcium oxide will produce calcium antimonate which precipitates in the cooling glass, making it white and opaque. Other types of opacifiers were tin dioxide from cassiterite, typically used in Venetian glasses, and apatite (Moretti and Hreglich, 2012). The opacifying effect is due to small crystals or air bubbles dispersed in the glass matrix. Their presence in glass will reflect the wavelengths of light and make the glass opaque, while in a translucent or transparent glass, light will be transmitted (Henderson, 2013).
Film Elements
Published in Thor Hesborn, Integrating Electrical Heating Elements in Appliance Design, 2017
The glass powder should be finer than about 50 μm, and the content could be between 77 and 97%. 1 to 15%, could be noble metals such as gold, silver, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and iridium, and 2 to 8%, or half the quantity of the noble metal, an oxide semiconductor such as copper stannate and copper antimonate—preferably mixed together. The thickness of the layer is 12 to 75 μm and the resistance achieved 40 to 40,000 ohm per square [24]. This mixture has a resistivity that may either increase or decrease with increasing temperature. The temperature coefficient of resistance was below 0.0004 1/K.
Antimony toxicity upon microorganisms from aerobic and anaerobic environments
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Ivan Moreno-Andrade, Reyes Sierra-Alvarez, Marisol Pérez-Rangel, Cinthya Barrera, Jim A. Field, Aurora Pat-Espadas
This metalloid is present mainly in contaminated wastewater in two oxidation states: antimonite (Sb (III)) and antimonate (Sb (V)). Antimony is highly toxic and a suspected human carcinogen.[5] As established by the US-EPA and the European Union (EU), the permissible limits of Sb in drinking water are very low, 6 and 5 μg/L, respectively.[6,7] Sb (III) is toxic to several aquatic organisms; for example, using Sb (III) (antimony potassium tartrate), median 50% lethal concentrations (LC50) of 4.9 mg/L and 261 mg/L have been reported for the planktonic crustacea, Simocephalus mixtus and larvae of Ozyzias latipes, respectively, after 24-h exposure.[8]
Evaluating cottonwood seeds as a low-cost biosorbent for crystal violet removal from aqueous matrics
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Effat Asghari, Mohammad Saraji
So far, chemically modified cottonwood has been applied to remove Pb2+ from aqueous samples (Mosa et al.2016). Zhang et al. used cottonwood as biochar and modified it with AlOOH for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions (Zhang and Gao 2013). Zhang et al. synthesized iron oxide-cottonwood biochar and used it for the adsorption of antimonite and antimonate (Zhang et al.2022). However, applying cottonwood seeds (CWS) for the removal of pollutants from environmental waters has not been reported yet.
Leaching kinetics of tellurium-bearing materials in alkaline sulfide solutions
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
Zhipeng Xu, Xueyi Guo, Dong Li, Qinghua Tian
The Te-bearing material used in the experiments is a typical sodium antimonate slag from alkaline refining of lead bullion at nonferrous metal smelters in Chenzhou, China. It was ground to −200 mesh after drying at 110°C for 24 h. Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the raw material.