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The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
At ambient temperatures, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. At 20°C and 1.0 atmosphere pressure, it has density of 1.429 × 10−3 g/cm3, slightly denser than dry air at 1.204 × 10−3 g/cm3. It liquefies at −183°C (−297°F). As a gas, oxygen ranks third behind fluorine and chlorine in oxidizing potential, so it is a powerful oxidizing agent in its natural state. Its common oxidation state is −2. It must be present to support combustion of hydrocarbon fuels as well as the oxidation of iron to form rust.
Phosphorous-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Organophosphorous durable flame retardants usually have functional groups, namely, phosphates, phosphonates, amido-phosphates, phosphazenes (phosphorous + nitrogen) or phosphonium salts. They are most effective when they are in the highest oxidation state (P+5).
Redox Reactions–Redox Couples—Brief Description of an Electrochemical Cell
Published in Jean-Louis Burgot, Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics, 2019
Oxidation numbers (o.n.) characterize the oxidation state of one element within a chemical species. They can be specified by a Roman number facing the element or, alternatively, they can be located to the right and on the same line as the complete name of the species.
Future of photovoltaic materials with emphasis on resource availability, economic geology, criticality, and market size/growth
Published in CIM Journal, 2023
G. J. Simandl, S. Paradis, L. Simandl
Cadmium is a silver-white metal (Figure 4d) with atomic number 48. It is chemically similar to Zn and mercury (two adjacent metals within group 12 of the periodic table). It has an oxidation state of + 2 in most of its compounds. Because Cd is a nonbiodegradable toxic substance affecting almost all life forms (including humans), contamination of the environment during mining, extraction, recycling, or disposal of Cd-containing waste is a major environmental concern (Chellaiah, 2018; Suhani, Sahab, Srivastava, & Singh, 2021). Occupational safety and health aspects related to Cd are covered by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2022b). As a relatively low-cost material (Table 1), Cd is used mainly for manufacturing Ni-Cd batteries. Other end uses include CdTe for thin-film solar cells (PVs), radiation-detecting imaging equipment, metal alloys, anticorrosive coatings, stabilizing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and pigments (Callaghan, 2022).