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Gas–Liquid Reactors
Published in Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan, Chemical Reaction Engineering and Reactor Technology, 2019
Salmi Tapio, Mikkola Jyri-Pekka, Wärnå Johan
Gas–liquid reactions are used in several industrial processes. In the synthesis of chemical compounds, gas–liquid reactions are used in, for example, the oxidation of hydrocarbons. For a synthesis reaction, it is typical that one organic compound is transformed into another organic compound in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst. Typical reactions are, for example, chlorination of aromatic compounds in the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorination of carboxylic acids (mainly acetic acid), and oxidation of toluene and xylene in the production of benzoic acid and phthalic acid. In the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an oxidation process can also be used, namely oxidation of anthraquinole to anthraquinone.
Other Feedstocks—Coal, Oil Shale, and Biomass
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The main chemical extracted on the commercial scale from the higher-boiling oils (b.p. 250°C, 480°F) is crude anthracene. The majority of the crude anthracene is used in the manufacture of dyes after purification and oxidation to anthraquinone.
Waste Production and Input Material Consumption
Published in John Andraos, Reaction Green Metrics, 2018
Hydrogen peroxide is now considered a green oxidant mainly because it produces water as a reaction by-product in oxidation reactions. In the chemical industry, it has replaced chlorine as a bleaching agent in paper manufacture, and is used in epoxidations of olefins such as propylene and in the ammoximation of cyclohexanone for the manufacture of Ɛ-caprolactam. There are five known ways of generating hydrogen peroxide as shown in the following series of examples. The anthraquinone process is the one used most in the chemical industry for hydrogen peroxide production.
Abiotic transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via interaction with soil components: A systematic review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Jinbo Liu, Chi Zhang, Hanzhong Jia, Eric Lichtfouse, Virender K. Sharma
Oxygenated PAHs are the main products of chemical oxidation of PAHs (Gao et al., 2018; Jia et al., 2020). Soil components can induce the formation of ROS, and in turn oxidize PAHs, mainly generating oxygenated PAHs (Wang et al., 2020; Ni et al., 2021). Similarly, electron transfer usually occurs between PAHs and clay minerals surfaces, leading to the generation of organic radicals, which are persistent in clay interlayers (Jia et al., 2016). Then organic radicals react with oxygenic species, inducing the generation of oxygenated products such as anthraquinone for anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene-6, 9-quinone for benzo[a]pyrene, and hydroxypyrene for pyrene (Joseph-Ezra et al.., 2014; Jia et al., 2014). Those byproducts generally have higher aqueous solubility than their parent compounds, which may enhance the biological activity (Weigand et al., 2002). In addition, these products are usually toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, and therefore should be considered in the remediation of contaminated sites (Kazunga & Aitken, 2000).