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Flame Retardants
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Ammonium salts of strong acids such as phosphoric acid are very much useful as nondurable FRs for cellulose. Three commercially important products are diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfamate, and ammonium bromide. These salts liberate strong acids upon heating. Ammonium bromide is applied as ~ 10% solids add-on and is effective in the gas phase (Equation 4.2). NH4Br→NH3+HBr Diammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfamate are used at less than 15% solids add-on;
Techniques of Monitoring
Published in A.D.M. Penman, K.R. Saxena, V.M. Sharma, Instrumentation, Monitoring and Surveillance, 2018
A.D.M. Penman, K.R. Saxena, V.M. Sharma
BARC (1980) studied the nature of 6 m deep lime stone cavity, detected in the reservoir bed of a proposed 22 m high earth dam across Sathnala river, in the southern part of India. Figure 5.2 shows the cavity which was about 1.5 m wide in an area defined geologically as limestone interbedded with shales belonging to the Penganga Super Group. Twenty four hours prior to the injection of the tracer, water was pumped into the cavity at the rate of 300 litres per minute, but this did not cause any rise in the water level of the pond, of sizes about 64 m3, constructed over the cavity. 200 MCI of Bromine-82 in the form of Ammonium bromide was injected into the pond. Immediately after this injection of bromide, one kg of inactive potassium iodide and 14 m3 of water was pumped into the cavity in 20 minutes. This caused an increase of 0.3 m in the water level of the pond. Radioactivity was monitored for about 42 hours in all the boreholes, river water and the springs on the downstream of the dam. Radioactivity was not traced anywhere, except in the borehole close to the cavity. However, water samples were collected for three weeks and analysed for their iodide content. The analysis established connection of cavity to the boreholes on the downstream and velocity of seepage water was of the order of 100 m/day below the dam line and probably through the gravel bed. The designer decided to treat the foundations to control seepage through shear zones and gravel bed and to monitor the dam during reservoir filling for seepage through undetected solution cavities, similar to the one investigated.
Impact of Factors on Remediation of Anions (Fluoride, Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Sulfate) Via Batch Adsorption Processes
Published in Deepak Gusain, Faizal Bux, Batch Adsorption Process of Metals and Anions for Remediation of Contaminated Water, 2021
Deepak Gusain, Shikha Dubey, Yogesh Chandra Sharma, Faizal Bux
The addition of cationic surfactants also enhanced the removal of fluoride (Prabhu and Meenakshi 2014). Cationic surfactants, i.e. hexadecylpyridinium chloride, dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, enhanced the hydrophilic character of the hydroxyapatite (adsorbent) and increased the attraction of fluoride ions. The adsorption of hexadecylpyridinium chloride-modified hydroxyapatite was lower than that of dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide- and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified hydroxyapatite. This is attributed to the restriction of fluoride ions by electron-rich pyridinium groups to tertiary cationic groups.
Methods of extracting silica and silicon from agricultural waste ashes and application of the produced silicon in solar cells: a mini-review
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Fortunate Farirai, Maxwell Ozonoh, Thomas Chinedu Aniokete, Orevaoghene Eterigho-Ikelegbe, Mathew Mupa, Benson Zeyi, Michael Olawale Daramola
Chang and Sun (2014) have successfully demonstrated a one-step technique to produce highly monodispersed, alkyl-capped, brightly luminescent nanocrystals using hexyltrichlorosilane as both surfactant and the reactant. When the hexyltrichlorosilane was not used, the product of reaction showed smaller Si QDs with diameters 2 ± 0.5 nm implying a narrow size distribution and excitation wavelength-dependent PL performance. The PL was shown to peak-range from 350 to 450 nm as the excitation state wavelength red-shifted (Wang et al. 2011). Several authors including (McMillan et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2007b) have utilised different precursors to synthesise silicon nanoparticles. For example, zinc salt was used with ammonium bromide, nanoparticles with bright blue emission in the size range of 3.9 ± 1.3 nm could be obtained with resultant by-products such as ammonia, hydrogen and sodium bromide.
Solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by novel ester-bonded Gemini prolinol-based surfactant and its binary mixtures with conventional surfactants
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Yaqin Liang, Shuping Zhang, Hui Li, Xiaoming Mao, Yan Li, Xuanjie Xie, Jiaqi Ren, Gang Li, Rui Lian
Dodecylbromide was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Co., Ltd. N-methyl-L-prolinol (97%) was purchased from Shandong Tianyu Chemical Reagent Co. Adipoyl chloride was purchased from Xiya Chemical Co. 1,4-dioxane, acetone petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and triethylamine were analytical grade and were purchased from Tianjin Kermel Reagent Co., Ltd. Na2CO3 and MgSO4 were analytical grade and provided by Beijing Institute Reagent Co., Ltd. PAHs (naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene) were the highest purity grade available and purchased from Tianjing Kaitong Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. Dodecyl sodium sulfate (SDS), dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were purchased from Zhengzhou Alfa Chemical Co. All of the water used in all of the experiments was triple-distilled water. The structures of all the surfactants and PAHs used in this study are compiled in Figure 1.
Experimental investigation of the effects of nanoparticles as an additive in diesel and biodiesel fuelled engines: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Shiva Kumar, P. Dinesha, Ijas Bran
Ganesh and Gowrishankar [34] studied the effects of cobalt oxide based nanoparticles blended in biodiesel–diesel as fuel on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. The biodiesel used was Jatropha (B100) and the nanoparticle was cobalt oxide (CO3O4) prepared by sol-gel method. The size of particle obtained was 38–70 nm. Cetyletry Trymethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) was used as surfactant. BSFC was much higher for biodiesel without nanoparticle additives. Addition of cobalt oxide reduced BSFC by 2% at full load compared to pure biodiesel. BTE for neat biodiesel was much less, but addition of cobalt oxide showed an improvement in BTE at full load. HC emissions were less for neat biodiesel compared to the pure diesel. Addition of cobalt oxide reduced HC emissions by 83% at 75% load condition compared to biodiesel. NOx emissions were reduced by adding cobalt oxide by around 47% at 70% load condition. CO emissions for biodiesel were less compared to diesel: reduced by 50% for nanoparticle added fuel compared with diesel at 75% load condition.