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Aluminium infinite green circular economy – theoretical carbon free infinite loop, combination of material and energy cycles
Published in Klára Szita Tóthné, Károly Jármai, Katalin Voith, Solutions for Sustainable Development, 2019
The Israeli company Phinergy (Phinergy, 2019) is working on a new primary nonrechargeable aluminium battery pack (the aluminium battery is removed from the car and replaced with a new one) together with Alcoa (Arconic) but the production line will be established finally in China. Moreover, the current rechargeable aluminium-ion batteries can reach more than 2.5 times (1 kWh/kg) the lithium-ion battery theoretical maximum (300 Wh/kg) which can drastically change the future battery industry (Elia, 2016). The recent Al-ion batteries are already capable to store 400 Wh/kg energy (Alion, 2019). The Al-air battery theoretical energy density is 8.1 kWh/kg (Loveday, 2014). The value is similar than the density of the coil, the energy density of the natural gas or the gasoline, but three times as much per volume (Conversion Factors, 2012). Unfortunately, primary aluminium production requires still 2 times the energy content of the theoretical Al-air battery. However, the best current Li-ion batteries have an energy density of only 0.25 kWh/kg (Lithium-ion Battery, 2019). The increased energy content of the batteries will revolutionize first the electric car industry and later at 400 Wh/kg density the manned electric aircraft industry (Harrop, 2019). At the moment, the Tesla Model S (Tesla, 2019) is capable of running 539 km with a 100 kWh rechargeable battery pack (0.207 kWh/kg energy density, 0.19 kWh/km, 0.90 kg/km, 483 kg Li-ion battery). The new Alcoa-Phinergy electric car was able to drive 1750 km with the current 0.3 kWh/kg Al-air battery, which can easily be upgraded to 1 kWh/kg. Tesla Model S fueled with the impoved Phinergy air battery technology would use only 100 kg of Al-air battery, which means that it will be enough to refuel with 100 kg Al for such distance. If the theoretical energy capacity of 8.1 kWh/kg Al can be utilized with the current electric power train, only 23 kg of aluminium should be refueled, which is only 8.5 liters of aluminium. To compare, this amounts at least 32 kg and 40 liters of petrol.
Development of a process to produce manganese nanomaterials from low grade ferruginous manganese ores
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2021
Veerendra Singh, Soobhankar Pati, Kishan Kumar
Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is mainly found in rocks, soil, water, and food. It was discovered in 1774 by Scheele and isolated later that year by Johan Gahn (Greenwoo and Earnshaw 1997). It is chemically, very active, and unique material. It can react with various elements in chemistry mainly due to its special valence electron configuration. It has various applications in the steel, aluminium, battery, ceramic, chemical, and welding industries (Market Survey on Manganese Ore, Government of India Ministry of Mines, Indian Bureau of Mines 2014). New and novel materials are being developed using manganese, which can contribute significantly to change the world. Manganese nanomaterials, battery grade chemicals, and catalyst are few examples among that long list.