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Alpha-Amylase, Protease, Lipase, and High-Fructose Corn Syrup Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
α-amylase: this basically helps in hydrolysing the alpha bonds of large alpha-linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding glucose and maltose. Major forms of alpha-amylase are found in human saliva (human α amylase) and pancreatic juice which help in the breaking down of 1,4 glycosidic linkages of starch. It is also found in seeds as a food reserve. α-amylase is used in ethanol fermentation by converting starch into oligosaccharides. Termamyl, an isoform obtained from B. licheniforms is used in detergents (Souza and Magalhães, 2010).
Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Amylases are enzymes that help to convert complex carbohydrates like starch into simple sugars. They are divided into three groups: alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and gamma-amylase. γ-amylase, is most effective in acidic conditions. Recently, researchers have discovered extracellular amylase-producing terrestrial bacteria like Saccharomycopsis, Arxula adeninivorans, Candida japonica, Saccharomycopsis, Lipomyces, Filobasidium capsuligenum, and Schwanniomyces.
Seasonal Dynamics of Bacterial and Fungal Lineages in Extreme Environments
Published in Suhaib A. Bandh, Javid A. Parray, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbial Diversity, 2023
Nafeesa Farooq Khan, Uzma Zehra, Zafar A. Reshi, Manzoor Ahmad Shah, Tawseef Rehman Baba
Recently serine-based protease obtained from Glaciozyma antarctica demonstrated towering activity around 20°C (Alias et al., 2014; Sarmiento et al., 2015). Some heat-labile Uracil-DNA N-glycosylase exploration in Psychrobacter species and its vector cloned/expressed form in E. coli, has optimal functional temperature is 20°C–25°C (Lee et al., 2009). Recombinant Cryonase, a cold-active nuclease, isolate of Shewanella sp., can digest all kinds of genomes (single/double/linear/circular) and can be inactive after half an hour incubation at 70°C (Awazu et al., 2011). Nowadays, recombinase polymerase amplification is carried out using cold-active recombinases facilitating the insertional oligonucleotide primer in dsDNA. Also, psychrophilles are suppliers of DNA-ligase combating cold and supporting significantly higher enzyme activities. The ligase extracted from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, displays activity at 4°C (Georlette et al., 2000; Sarmiento et al., 2015). Furthermore, cold-adapted lipases have also been reported to target stains from triglycerides (Jiewei et al., 2014; Ji et al., 2015). More recently among lipases an efficient lipase enzyme, source strain Pseudomonas stutzeri, has displayed better enzyme activity at a temperature of 20°C and a pH need of 81/2 (Li et al., 2014). Often it is useful for detergent/surfactant/oxidant, large scale making (Li et al., 2014). Use of alpha-amylase which converts starch into water soluble form through 1,4-α-glucosidic bond hydrolysis (Hmidet et al., 2009; Sarmiento et al., 2015) has been yielded from Bacillus cereus which is detergent stable (Roohi et al., 2013). Alpha-amylase so obtained has an optimum operation at 22°C, stable activity at low temperatures of 4°C–37°C, and alkaline pH >7–11. Yet, another amylase isolated from marine Zunongwangia profunda has potential applicability in detergents (Qin et al., 2014). Hydrolytic cellulase enzymes, derived from fungus Humicola insolens can withstand 15°C. This cellulase finds use in color protecting and brightening detergents, digests damaged fabric fibers, and eliminates (β)beta glucan dirt stains. The enzyme’s optimum activity ranges around 30°C–60°C but is also active at fairly low temperatures (Sarmiento et al., 2015).
Phytofabrication of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica and its potential anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activity
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Alpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme found primarily in the saliva and pancreatic juice and is considered to be most significant due to its vital role in the hydrolyzes α-bonds of large α-linked polysaccharides and the adsorption of glucose during digestion. Targeting this enzyme and suppressing its action will slow down the digestion of carbohydrates, lower glucose absorption, and prevents high postprandial blood glucose levels. Hence, inhibition of the alpha-amylase enzyme is considered a potential avenue for the regulation of blood sugar levels in persons suffering from diabetes (Lava et al. 2021; Perumalsamy and Krishnadhas 2022). The potential Alpha-amylase inhibition of ethanol fruit extract of P. emblica, PE-AgNPs, PE-ZnONPs, and metformin is demonstrated in Figure 10. Metformin is used as a standard drug that showed inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 130.73 ± 1.11 µg/mL. The calculated IC50 of ethanol fruit extract of P. emblica, PE-AgNPs, and PE-ZnONPs is 220.44 ± 1.34, 170.60 ± 0.94, and 160.82 ± 0.88 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibition of Alpha-amylase enzyme is dose-dependent manner as the concentration increases the amount of enzyme activity was inhibited. Accordingly, the biosynthesized PE-AgNPs, and PE-ZnONPs nanoparticles showed significant antidiabetic activity compared to that of the extract.
Testosterone, cortisol and alpha-amylase levels during a handball match; analysis of dynamics and associations
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Nikola Foretic, Zoran Nikolovski, Irena Peric, Damir Sekulic
Alpha-amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules, such as maltose (Granger et al., 2007), and exercise has consistently been shown to increase alpha-amylase activity and concentration (Kivlighan & Granger, 2006), and the effect tends to be more pronounced at exercise intensities >70% VO2max (Koibuchi & Suzuki, 2014). Also, alpha-amylase reflects activity of the sympathetic nervous system, and it is highly related to levels of increase of noradrenalin and consequently reflects the state of arousal (Nater et al., 2007).