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Structure and Classification of 2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes)
Published in Zongyu Huang, Xiang Qi, Jianxin Zhong, 2D Monoelemental Materials (Xenes) and Related Technologies, 2022
An allotrope is a substance composed of the same single chemical element but with different properties, because the same element atoms are arranged in different ways resulting in different physical and chemical properties of the structure. The properties of 2D materials are dictated by their allotropes, how atoms are arranged in the lattice. There are many allotropes in nature, and they have completely different physical properties. For example, graphite and diamond are typical allotropes of carbon.
Introduction to Carbon Nanotube 2D Layer Assisted by Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensor
Published in Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, Santosh Kumar, Yadvendra Singh, 2D Materials for Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Sensors, 2021
Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi, Santosh Kumar, Yadvendra Singh
CNTs belong to the fullerene nanostructure family (Aqel, Abou El-Nour, Ammar, and Al-Warthan 2012). Fullerenes are a category of allotropes of carbon, shown in Fig. 6.1, mostly made of carbon molecules, are a hollow-shaped sphere, tube-shaped, or an ellipsoidal. CNTs, also known as buckytubes, are cylindrical fullerenes. Fullerenes have a graphite-like composition, consisting of a layer of hexagonal connected rings, except that they conceive of pentagonal (or heptagonal) rings that prevent planarization. A single-layer graphene sheet, as shown in Fig. 6.2, can be rolled in several directions to produce various forms of CNTs. Because of its symmetric composition, a normal CNT does have a hexagonal array of carbon atoms in a tube shape and has extraordinary properties. Their activity depends solely on the helix’s nature, and therefore they behave as a metal or as a semiconductor.
Chemical Methods for Processing Carbon Nanomaterials
Published in Vidya Nand Singh, Chemical Methods for Processing Nanomaterials, 2021
One of the basic elements which has various allotropes is carbon, and it has the ability to create covalent bonds with other carbon atoms in a range of hybridization states, such as sp, sp2, and sp3. The most well-known natural allotropes of carbon are graphite and diamond. Even though these allotropes mainly consist of carbon atoms, they have different physicochemical properties because of the hybridization of carbon atoms. For example, even though diamond, which consists of sp3 carbon hybridization, is transparent, an electrical insulator, and the hardest known material, graphite, which consists of sp2 carbon hybridization, is opaque, and a soft material with high electrical conductivity.
On the effect of local torsion on the electromechanical properties of armchair boron nitride nanoribbons
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
R. Sadeghi, M. Yaghobi, M. R. Niazian, M. A. Ramzanpour
In recent years, caused by the attractive chemical and physical properties of the fullerene, a spherical allotrope of carbon, several research groups have investigated the properties of fullerene-like structures which are made from other atoms, including the members of the groups III, IV and V of the periodic table [1,2]. These attractive properties have resulted in finding different applications for these fullerene-like structures [3]. Similarly, physical and chemical properties of two-dimensional (2D) graphene-like nanostructures have also been considered for investigation [4]. Boron nitride (BN) is an inorganic compound with equal numbers of boron and nitrogen atoms which is isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice and exists in various crystalline forms. Among the BN polymorphs, the hexagonal form which is similar to the graphite is the softest and most stable structure [5].
Spectroscopy of astrophysically relevant ions in traps
Published in Molecular Physics, 2020
In the 1985 experiment, radiation from the second harmonic of an Nd:YAG laser was used to produce carbon clusters from a rotating graphite disk. The neutral molecules were ionised in a helium expansion and detected via time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results showed a distribution where, for mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of greater than 480, only species containing an even number of carbon atoms were observed. Moreover, a slightly enhanced peak at , and also one at , was seen. These ‘clusters’ are now known as fullerenes, an allotrope of carbon in addition to the previously identified graphite and diamond. It was immediately recognised that this may have implications for the DIB enigma and, in 1987, Kroto highlighted the astrophysical importance of the singly charged cation C, writing ‘The present observations indicate that C might survive in the general interstellar medium (probably as the ion C) protected by its unique ability to survive processes so drastic that, most if not all, other known molecules are destroyed’ [68]. This conjecture was subsequently shown to be correct.
CVD diamond: a review on options and reality
Published in Functional Diamond, 2023
Carbon based materials and molecules are candidates for environmentally friendly applications. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, dominating the organic chemistry and is the basis of all known life on earth. Carbon is at the core of living pants and beings, is environmentally sound and shows a rich chemistry. Six inorganic allotropes of carbon are known: (a) graphite, (b) diamond, (c) carbon nano-tubes (CNT), (d) graphene, (e) fullerenes and (f) graphyne. They can be fabricated as solid, as fiber, sheets, foam, particles and tubes, ranging from macroscopic dimensions down to the nano-scale. Electronic properties range from metallic to insulator making carbon a favorite material for future applications (“carbon age”) [10].