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Aldicarb
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Abiotic Degradation: The hydrolysis reactions of aldicarb [3] are both acid and base catalyzed. Representative examples of reported hydrolysis half-lives for aldicarb in water are 131 days at pH 3.95 and 20 °C [16], 175 days at pH 4.5 and 22 °C [9], 3240 days at pH 5.5 and 15 °C [19], 245 days at pH 7.0 and 25 °C [9], 1900 days at pH 7.5 and 15 °C [19], 324 days at pH 7.96 and 20 °C [16], 266 days at pH 8.0 and 25 °C [9] and 170 days at pH 8.5 at 15 °C [16] with a maximum of 3240 days at pH 5.5 and 15 °C [19]. Representative examples of reported hydrolysis half-lives for aldicarb in soil are .4-3.2 days at 25 °C and pH 4.5-4.9 [48], 9.9 days at 15 °C and pH 6.34-7.0 [5], and 23 days at 15 °C and pH 7.2 [43]. In general, hydrolysis in the presence of soil is faster than in water alone. Aldicarb is susceptible to oxidation to aldicarb sulfoxide [33,43]; some of this oxidation may be due to biodegradation, but not all [33]. A portion (8-20%) of the aldicarb added to some soils is oxidized immediately to the sulfone [1,5,7] and this process probably is not biological. While aldicarb is susceptible to photolysis when irradiated in acetonitrile at 254 nm [14], no data were found that indicate that it is photolyzed at environmentally important wavelengths. The estimated vapor phase half-life in the atmosphere is 0.24 days from hydrogen abstraction by photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals [2]. Based upon the reported vapor pressure, aldicarb will be partially adsorbed onto particulate matte in the atmosphere [12] where it will not be subject to vapor phase reaction with hydroxyl radicals.
Physical Properties of Agrochemicals
Published in John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton, Environmental Chemicals Desk Reference, 2017
John H. Montgomery, Thomas Roy Crompton
Rajagopal et al. (1984) used numerous compounds to develop a proposed pathway of degradation of aldicarb in soil. These compounds included aldicarb oxime, N-hydroxymethyl aldicarb, N-hydroxymethyl aldicarb sulfoxide, N-demethyl aldicarb sulfoxide, N-demethyl aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, N-hydroxymethyl aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb oxime sulfone, aldicarb sulfone aldehyde, aldicarb sulfone alcohol, aldicarb nitrile sulfone, aldicarb sulfone amide, aldicarb sulfone acid, aldicarb oxime sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfoxide aldehyde, aldicarb sulfoxide alcohol, aldicarb nitrile sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfoxide amide, aldicarb sulfoxide acid, elemental sulfur, carbon dioxide, and water. Mineralization was more rapid in aerobic surface soils than in either aerobic or anaerobic subsurface soils. In surface soils (30 cm depth) under aerobic conditions, half-lives ranged from 20 to 361 days. In subsurface soils (20 and 183 cm depths), half-lives under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were 131–233 and 223–1,130 days, respectively (Ou et al., 1985). The reported half-lives in soil ranged from approximately 70 days (Jury et al., 1987) to several months (Jones et al., 1986). Bromilow et al. (1980) reported the half-life for aldicarb in soil to be 9.9 days at 15°C and pH 6.34–7.0.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Aldicarb is the most potent of the commercially available carbamate pesticides and is an unusual source of acute human poisoning. Aldicarb has severe systemic toxicity to animals and humans. Aldicarb is a cholinesterase inhibitor that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse. In the case of severe poisoning, the victim dies of respiratory failure. The primary route of human exposure to aldicarb is consumption of contaminated food and water from contaminated wells. Occupational exposure to high levels of aldicarb is due to product handling, and most cases of aldicarb poisoning occur from loading and application of the pesticide. Aldicarb is extremely toxic both through the oral and dermal route. Absorption from the gut is rapid and almost complete. When administered in oil or other organic solvents, aldicarb is absorbed rapidly through the skin. Its skin toxicity is roughly 1000 times that of other carbamates. In humans, the onset of symptoms is rapid (15 min to 3 h). Symptoms disappear in 4-12 h. The acute oral LD50 of aldicarb in rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg when administered in a liquid or oil form. The toxicities of the dry granules are distinctly lower (LD50 7.0 mg/kg), though still highly toxic. Aldicarb is a cholines-terase inhibitor and therefore can result in a variety of symptoms including weakness, blurred vision, headache, nausea, tearing, sweating, and tremors. At very high concentrations, aldicarb causes paralysis, respiratory system damage, eventually leading to the death of the exposed worker.
Toxicological and biochemical studies for chlorpyrifos insecticide on some mosquito larvae and their associated predators
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Randa I. Eltaly, Hend H. Salem
The results agree with [43], who suggested that occurrence of OP have great risk to all aquatic environments. Inhibition (AChE) is a specific target site to both OP and carbamate insecticides, like OP pesticide chlorpyrifos, aldicarb also affects acetylcholinesterase activity [44]. As well as, GST are most important detoxifying enzymes [45], so the mode of action of insecticides is responsible the toxicity degree to all organisms. Aquatic insects usually have high susceptibility to most types of insecticides because they have many physiological features share with the target insects [39].
Pesticide exposure and poisoning in Brazil: Outcome severity, clinical manifestations and management of cases reported to a poison control center
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Josefa Cristina Pereira dos Santos, Joanina Bicalho Valli, Nixon Souza Sesse, Sarah Mackenzie Ross, Eliana Zandonade, Lorena Rocha Ayres, Karla Nívea Sampaio
Considering most cases involve nontoxic exposure, higher frequencies of clinical observation and symptomatic treatment recommended were expected. As for the use of activated charcoal, it can be indicated as a single dose as a decontamination measure or multiple doses to prevent reabsorption and increase elimination by interrupting the enterohepatic cycle of the xenobiotic.13,16 However, the effectiveness of this procedure also varies depending on the time since exposure, with longer intervals between exposure and use of activated charcoal being less effective in recovering the agent.16 As formerly mentioned, we observed in our previous study that the compound “chumbinho”, which possess in the chemical composition aldicarb, a carbamate, was highly prevalent in the poisoning cases.25 Theoretically, activated charcoal in repeated doses could be applicable to aldicarb poisoning once this agent undergoes enterohepatic recirculation.52 Apart from that, the only pesticide present in the records that undergoes enteric circulation is a rodenticide, named Bradifacoum, which belongs to the chemical group of Coumarins and that corresponded to 3.6% of poisoning cases reported. Despite being considered a "universal" decontamination measure, in a large randomized controlled trial conducted in Sri Lanka hospitals involving more than 1000 pesticide-poisoned patients, mostly organophosphates and carbamates, no benefits could be observed after single or multiple-dose activated charcoal administration when compared with patients receiving placebo.53 Although some trial limitations, the lack of benefit could involve the rapid absorption of pesticides, inefficiency to counteract too large pesticide doses, late administration, and also solvents involved in pesticide formulations.10,54 These points should be taken into consideration when applying and/or recommending this procedure to pesticide-poisoned patients.
Non-carcinogenic health risk from carbamate pesticide exposure of toddlers living in agricultural areas of Thailand
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Satinee Siriwat, Parichat Ong-Artborirak, Chakrit Ponrachom, Wattasit Siriwong, Thitirat Nganchamung
The hazard quotient (HQ) was used to determine the non-carcinogenic risks of each carbamate pesticide exposure for aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, and methomyl based on Equation 3.