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Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The most common type of titration reaction consists of acid–base titration in which an unknown quantity or concentration of acid is titrated with standard base, or vice versa. For example, a solution of hydrochloric acid of unknown concentration can be titrated with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide base using a phenolphthalein indicator, which changes from colorless to pink at the end point. The reaction between the HCl and NaOH is the following: H++Cl-+Na++OH-→H2O+Na++Cl-HydrochloricSodium hydroxideacid analytetitrant
Chemical Methods
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
In acid-base titrations, an acid titrant is used to determine a basic substance or a basic titrant is used to determine an acid substance. The former is sometimes called acidimetry while the latter is called alkalimetry.
Analytical Test Methods for Polymer Characterization
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Elastomer Technology Handbook, 2020
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Boyko Randi, Leidy Laura
A titration is a technique for determining the concentration of a material in solution by measuring the volume of a standard solution that is required to react with the sample. One of the most common titrations is a the acid-base titration in which the concentration of a base can be determined by adding a standard solution of an acid to the sample until the base is exactly neutralized. The exact neutralization point is found by the use of an indicator that changes color when the end point is reached.
Elimination of the Interfacial Crud in the Extraction of Simulated High-Level Liquid Waste After Denitration in the TRPO Process
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2023
Zhaofei Zhang, Wuhua Duan, Xinwei Cheng, Wenbing Li, Jing Chen, Jianchen Wang, Taoxiang Sun
In a denitration experiment, 50 mL of simulated HLLW containing 3 mol/L HNO3 was added into a flask, and an appropriate amount of formic acid was added. The quantities of formic acid added in the denitration depended on the desired final acid concentration.[26] The solution was refluxed at 95°C for 10 h. The acidity was determined by acid-base titration. In detail, 50 μL of simulated HLLW was added to 30 mL of potassium oxalate solution (8% in mass fraction) with a pH value of 6.5 (the pH was adjusted by oxalic acid), followed by a titration with 0.05 mol/L of sodium hydroxide solution, with an ending point of the titration as the pH of the solution returned to 6.5. The acidity of the solution was calculated from the amount of sodium hydroxide added. The concentrations of metal ions were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Spectro) with an error of±10%. Five standard solutions for ICP-OES were prepared by taking appropriate amounts of standard solutions of metal elements contained in simulated HLLW and mixing them in 0.5 mol/L nitric acid solution, in which the metal element concentrations were 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L. The five prepared standard solutions were measured by ICP-OES to obtain the standard working curves of each element, and their linear correlation coefficients were all above 0.9996. The concentrations of metal ions in the simulated HLLW before and after denitration are shown in Table 1.
Determination of major pollutant and biogeochemical processes in an oil-contaminated aquifer using human health risk assessment and multivariate statistical analysis
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
The pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), and oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) were detected on site using a W-23XD multiparameter meter (Japan). TPH were determined by infrared spectral colorimetry (JDS-108U+, China). The content of organic pollutant component were analysed by a GC-FID coupled to a mass spectrometer (Agilent 7890A). The concentrations of K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, total Fe, and Mn were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 700, USA), The ions NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, and Fe2+ were quantified using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (CARY50, USA). Alkalinity was measured by acid–base titration and HCO3− was determined by phenolphthalein titration. SO42− was analyzed by the EDTA·Na2Ba method. S2- was measured by iodimetry and Cl− was titrated by AgNO3.
Boron-incorporated Sulfonated polysulfone/polyphosphoric acid electrolytes for supercapacitor application
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Emre Cevik, Seyda T. Günday, Abdulmalik Yusuf, Munirah A. Almessiere, Ayhan Bozkurt
The sulfonation of commercial PSU was carried out according to previous literature (20,22). The pristine PSU was added in DCE and dissolved by mixing 4 h at 25°C, under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, TMSCS was added as a sulfonating agent at room temperature by arranging the PSU/TMSCS mole ratio to 1:1.5. N2 was purged continuously to remove HCl that produced during the reaction. After 36 h, methanol was added to complete the reaction and remove the silyl sulfonate moieties. The elimination of methyl sulfate, dichloroethane, silicon-containing compounds, methanol, and water were achieved via evaporation at 1 atm. Finally, SPSU was further dried under vacuum at 55°C. The sulfonation ratio (DS) of polysulfone was measured by acid-base titration. The degree sulfonation of SPSU was calculated as 104% ([mol SO3H/repeat unit] × 100).