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Synapses
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
ACh was discussed in Chapter 5. It is the neurotransmitter not only of the neuromuscular junction but also all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system – both sympathetic and parasympathetic – as well as postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system. However, the ACh receptors of autonomic neurons are distinct from, though similar to, the nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) of the NMJ. ACh is also found throughout the brain and is a major neuromodulator (Section 6.3.2). It is synthesized from choline and acetyl-coA. Choline is mostly derived from food, but only a small amount is made in the human liver. Acetyl-coA participates in many biochemical reactions involved in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism and is synthesized in mitochondria.
Epigenetic and Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Histone acetylation involves addition of an acetyl group to lysine residues. Acetyl-CoA is an intermediary metabolite at the crossroad of glucose and lipid catabolism. Acetyl-CoA functions as a cofactor for enzymes that require the transfer of an acetyl group, including HATs. Cellular acetyl-CoA levels could substantially fluctuate (^-10-fold), which directly impacts the activities of HATs as it normally falls within their Km range. Moreover, the ratio of acetyl-CoA to coenzyme A has also been shown to regulate histone acetylation. Oncogenic KRASG12D or c-Myc has been shown to up-regulate glycolysis flux (Ying et al., 2012; Osthus et al., 2000; Shim et al., 1997), leading to increased production of acetyl-CoA. As a consequence, a pronounced increase in global histone acetylation can be detected upon transformation with these oncogenes, suggesting that oncogenic signaling drives histone acetylation in tumors (Lee et al., 2014). Recent work has also provided evidence that acetyl-CoA is compartmentalized into cytosolic and nuclear fractions with limited exchange. Nuclear acetyl-CoA can be biosynthesized via acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family (ACSS1/2) or converted from citrate through ATP citrate lyase (ACL).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Occupational workers should only use/handle acetyl acetone in a well-ventilated area, with spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment. Workers should not cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind, pressurize, or expose empty containers to heat, sparks, or flames.
A review on waste wood reinforced polymer composites and their processing for construction materials
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2023
Katleho Keneuwe Khoaele, Oluwatoyin Joseph Gbadeyan, Viren Chunilall, Bruce Sithole
Acetylation is a treatment that utilises acidic catalysts to improve the interfacial adhesion in NFs. Chemicals consisting of the acetyl (CH3CO) group, essentially acetic acid, and acetic anhydride, are used for acetylation. The cellulose fibres and the CH3CO group react to lose −OH groups. This reaction results in a reduction of moisture absorption. Acetylation yields a rugged surface topography with less porosity than other chemical processes, improving interlocking characteristics (Birniwa et al. 2023).