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Influence of Herbicide Environmental Behavior on Weed Management
Published in Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Interactions of Biochar and Herbicides in the Environment, 2022
Rafael De Prado, Candelario Palma-Bautista, José Guadalupe Vázquez-García, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz
In dryland areas of the United States, of 130 surface water samples analyzed, 72% was detected to be imazetaphyr, 95% acetochlor, 89% alachlor, and 99% atrazine (Battaglin et al. 2000). In Brazil, 50% of water samples collected from rice-growing areas contained clomazone, quinclorac, and/or propanil (Marchesan et al. 2010). Acetochlor, ametryn, atrazine, clomazone, diuron, glyphosate hexazinone, isoxaflutole, pendimethalin, simazine, sulfentrazone, tebuthiuron, and trifluralin were detected in samples in surface water and sediments of the Corumbataí River, SP, Brazil, with triazines being the herbicides with the greatest persistence (Armas et al. 2007). Atrazine runoff generally is higher in soils with low OM content (Correia et al. 2007).
Pesticide Translocation Control: Soil Erosion
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Soils and Terrestrial Systems, 2020
Monika Frielinghaus, Detlef Deumlich, Roger Funk
The investigation of atrazine, alachlor, and acetochlor concentrations on soil surface and dissipation rates of wind-erodible sediment and larger fractions from two soil types was important.[13] Undisturbed and incorporated (5 cm deep) soil surface were analyzed. The surface (1 cm) of soil was removed by vacuum 1, 7, and 21 days after herbicide treatment. About 50% of the recovered material was classified as wind-erodible sediment. This erodible sediment contained about 65% (undisturbed soil surface) and 8% (incorporated soil) of the applied herbicides, respectively, after 1 day. The concentrations were similar after 7 and after 21 days. However, a 50% dissipation rate for each herbicide was found after 15 days for wind-erodible sediments compared with 30–55 days for greater fractions. These data indicate that wind-erodible size aggregates and particles could be a source of herbicide contamination, but there is currently no information about quantities.
Overview of Occurrence and Distribution of Pesticides in Relation to Use
Published in Steven J. Larson, Paul D. Capel, Michael S. Majewski, Pesticides in Surface Waters, 2019
Steven J. Larson, Paul D. Capel, Michael S. Majewski
In summary, the relation between agricultural use of the triazine and acetanilide herbicides and their occurrence and distribution in surface waters is relatively clear. Their use as preemergent herbicides in the central United States results in a fairly predictable level of contamination of surface waters. Several recent developments in the use of these compounds, however, raise new questions. First, recommended atrazine application rates have been lowered substantially in the last few years, from a maximum of 4 lb a.i. per acre before 1990, to 1.6 to 2.5 lb a.i. per acre (depending on tillage practices) in late 1992 (Goolsby and others, 1994). Second, use of cyanazine on corn and sorghum increased by more than 25 percent between 1989 and 1992, and use of metolachlor has also reportedly increased (Goolsby and others, 1994). Finally, a new acetanilide herbicide—acetochlor—was registered conditionally for use on com in 1994 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994a). An explicit condition of this registration states that the introduction of acetochlor must result in a 33 percent reduction (equivalent to 66.3 million lb a.i.), within 5 years, in the use of certain herbicides (atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, EPTC, butylate, and 2,4-D) on com (based on 1992 use levels). The effects of these changes on the occurrence of herbicides in surface waters are unknown at this time.
Application of the QuEChERS method for the determination of pesticides, PAHs and PCBs in fish in Senegal
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Cheikh Tidiane Dione, Olivier Delhomme, Ibrahima Diagne, Cheikhna Diebakate, Birame Ndiaye, Dame Cisse, Maoudo Hane, Mame Mor Dione, Sitor Diouf, Abdoulaye Diop, Momar Ndiaye, Maurice Millet
Dicofol is present in all species and shows a high value of 17.97 ng g−1. This value exceeds the MRL which is 10 ng g−1. Deltamethrin is also detected in all species with high values varying between 15.71 (Sj) and 38.63 ng g−1 (Ll). Irgarol and Malathion are present in all species with levels varying between 12.04 and 16.79 ng g−1. These levels also exceed the limit allowed in fish, which is 10 ng g−1.[35] Dicofol, malathion, deltamethrin and irgarol have the highest levels in all species. The maximum levels for the latters, which are respectively 17.97, 16.74, 17.54 and 12.37 ng g−1, explain their bioavailability and their significant bioaccumulation of these organic pollutants. So, these levels exceed the limit allowed in fish, which is 10 ng g−1.[35] The contents of alachlor, atrazine, acetochlor, and dichlorvos do not exceed the reference value. It is the same for aldrin, dieldrin, p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE. However, terbutryn and heptachlor are not quantified in the studied species.
Chlorpyrifos degradation, biocontrol potential and antioxidant defence activation under pesticide stress by rhizosphere bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of peach (Prunus persica) plants
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2021
Gousia Gani, Malik Asif, Parvaze Ahmad Wani, Mushtaq Ah. Malik, Zaffar Mahdi Dar, Amjad Masood, Saima Shafi
Antioxidants (ascorbate, catalase and peroxidase) significantly increased in the presence of pesticides (Table 4). Ascorbate, CAT and peroxidase activities were 0.78, 1.46 and 1.66 µmol min−1 mg−1 protein, respectively in the presence of 2000 µg/mL chlorpyrifos compared to the control, which showed significantly lower production of antioxidants. Similarly, Martin et al. [45] also reported the production of antioxidants under the stress of pesticides such as acetochlor and metolachlor in bacteria isolated from soil samples and reported antioxidants as a mechanism of tolerance against oxidative stress. Shahid et al. [25] also reported high production of antioxidants, such as catalase (0.012 and 0.06 mM H2O2 min−1 μg−1 protein) at 1200 µg/mL of carbendazim and metalaxyl, respectively.
Energy balance and global warming potential of corn straw-based bioethanol in China from a life cycle perspective
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Xiaoning Xu, Yanli Yang, Chen Xiao, Xiaomei Zhang
The North China is, as the corn belt, in where most of the nation’s corn is grown. The agricultural inputs for generic corn cultivation in the North region of China include seeds, machinery, fertilizer and urea (N, P2O5, and K2O), pesticides, herbicides, electricity and diesel, which were obtained from the Chinese statistics. The direct-seeding method is commonly used in the North China region, and the seedling required at natural rate is approximately 30 kg/ha (Xia, Zhang, and Xi 2012). Chemical fertilizers and pesticides should be in accordance with scientific proportion. The recommended doses of nutrients at the rate of 187.5 kg N, 75 kg P2O5, and 75 kg K2O are applied to increase the organic substances content in the soil through complex fertilizer and urea (Xia, Zhang, and Xi 2012). Insecticides and herbicides (apportioned by corn property: 31% Atrazine, 28% Metolachlor, 24% Acetochlor, and 17% Cyanazine) were used to control pests and weeds at the rate 0.99 and 2.71 kg/ha, respectively. Approximately 63.5 L/ha diesel and 225 kWh/ha electricity is consumed by the machinery for corn cultivation, harvesting, and irrigation. As compared with countries with advanced agriculture, the degree of China’s agricultural mechanization is relatively low. The input energy of machinery was calculated at 5% of the United States.