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List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Alachlor is a colorless to yellow crystal chemical substance. It is soluble in most organic solvents, but sparingly in water. Alachlor is an RUP, therefore it should be purchased and used only by certified, trained workers and plant protection applicators. The US EPA categorizes it as toxicity class III, meaning slightly toxic. However, alachlor products bear the signal word DANGER on their labels because of their potential to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Alachlor is an aniline herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in field corn, soybeans, and peanuts. It is a selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by germinating shoots and roots. It works by interfering with a plant’s ability to produce protein and by interfering with root elongation. Alachlor has extensive use as a herbicide in the United States. It is available as granules or emulsifiable concentrate.
Wastewater Treatment
Published in Suresh C. Ameta, Rakshit Ameta, Garima Ameta, Sonochemistry, 2018
Arpita Pandey, Arpita Paliwal, Rakshit Ameta
Alachlor is an acetanilide herbicide which is widely used to control most annual grasses and many broad leaf weeds. It has been classified as carcinogen of B2 group due to its strong carcinogenic effects on the animals. The degradation of alachlor was carried out using sonolysis (US), photocatalysis (UV) and sonophotocatalysis (US/UV) using three different photocatalysts, namely TiO2 (mixture of anatase and rutile), TiO2 (anatase) and ZnO. TiO2 (a mixture of anatase and rutile) showed highest photocatalytic activity as compared to TiO2 (anatase) and ZnO due to the enhanced generation of hydroxyl radicals and slow electron hole recombination (Bagal et al., 2013).
Photocatalytic degradation of alachlor by TiO2 nanoparticles from aqueous solutions under UV radiation
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2019
Fatemeh Jamshidi, Mansooreh Dehghani, Saeed Yousefinejad, Aboolfazl Azhdarpoor
Alachlor (2-Chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide), which has been commercially used to inhibit the growth of annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds in maize, peanut and soybean fields since 1969, is a member of the chloroacetanilide family of herbicides [1,2]. It is a selective, systemic pesticide that interrupts both protein production and synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in targeted plants [3–5]. Due to its high water solubility (242 mg/L) and relatively low soil adsorption coefficient, alachlor can be detected in surface, ground and drinking water in many countries [5–7]. Its existence in water resources is particularly concerning due to its possible effects on human health and its toxic effects on aquatic fauna and ecosystems [8].
Evaluating the Adsorption Potential of Alachlor and Its Subsequent Removal from Soils via Activated Carbon
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2018
Alachlor (2-cloro-N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-acetamide), a chloroacetanilide, is one of the most widely used herbicide for pre-emergence control of broad-leafed weeds and grasses (Dehghani et al., 2013). Alachlor shows low persistence in the soil and has moderate mobility in silty and sandy soils (Leovac et al., 2015). With a molecular weight of 269.769 g/mol, its solubility in water is 240 mg/L at 25°C. It is odorless and have a boiling point of 100°C at 0.02 mm Hg and 135°C at 0.3 mm Hg (Lide and Milne, 1993). It has a melting point of 40°C (O'Neil et al., 2001). The wide use of Alachlor contaminate and tarnish the soil, water and other vegetation (Marín-Benito et al., 2017; Tegada et al., 2017). In addition it can adversely affect the host and other organism like birds, beneficial insects, animals, fish and other non-target plants (Aktar et al., 2009). Besides controlling weeds it also has detrimental environmental impacts (Mendes et al., 2017). The total digestible nutrient yield is decreased by application of Alachlor in soil (Jung et al., 2015). When applied directly in soils it can end up in contaminating ground water by leaching (Sette et al., 2004). Due to its high solubility, it can be present in drinking water (Hladik, 2008). Alachlor is also known to be carcinogenic and toxic to humans despite its low acute toxicity. However, in aquatic ecosystems, Alachlor is highly toxic affecting fish and other organisms (Lazhar et al., 2012). Alachlor tends to degrade rapidly in soil (Paszko and Muszyński, 2017). The temperature, soil type, moisture and pH influence the half-life of Alachlor. It mainly dissipates through runoff, biodegradation and leaching (Dehghani et al., 2013). The best method for its degradation is through microbes whilst it can also be degraded through chemical degradation and photolysis (Paszko and Muszyński, 2017). Biomass based activated carbon can easily be utilized for remediation purposes of pesticide contaminated soils. Its efficiency depends upon the carbon content and increased surface area (Yang and Qiu, 2010; Afolabi et al., 2016; Tao et al., 2015).