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Toxicity of organic solvents
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The toxic effects of alcohol on the liver are directly related to its metabolism. Initially, ethanol is broken down to acetaldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The acetaldehyde is then broken down to acetate by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (see Figure 14.1).
Potential methanogenic and degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate from domestic sewage: unravelling the essential roles of nutritional conditions and microbial community
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Jeny Ventura, Franciele Pereira Camargo, Isabel Kimiko Sakamoto, Edson Luiz Silva, Maria Bernadete Amâncio Varesche
Regarding the NPEO addition, its –OH groups can be removed by the action of an alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) enzyme, besides the alkan-1-ol dehydrogenase (peg-dh), an oxidoreductase which acts mainly on the C3-C16 linear-chain of saturated primary alcohols, and also on C4-C7 of aldehydes and on non-ionic surfactants, being worth mentioning that the last previously listed enzyme was already described as related to nonylphenol degradation, as ethoxy (EO) chain nonylphenol dehydrogenase (NPEO-DH) [68]. The aldehydes generated in this step can be used as substrate for the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetylating) enzyme (dmpfg), being then converted to ethanol or used with Coenzyme A (CoA), reducing the NAD+ to NADH, H+ and Acetyl-CoA, a key compound for acidogenesis. On other hand, it is known that nonylphenol recalcitrance can increase as the number of ethoxylated groups decreases [69,70], resulting in more toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative metabolites, such as nonylphenol (4-NF) and nonylphenol monoethoxylated (NP1EO), which may explain the lower microbial diversity in S4 assays (NPEO = 5.00 mg L−1) in comparison to S5 assays (NPEO = 2.50 mg L−1) (Chao1 = 910.48 and 986.37, respectively), besides lower CH4 production (134.45 and 336.04 NmL g−¹ CODremoved, respectively).