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Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Gnouyaro P. Assima, Ingrid Zamboni, Jean-Michel Lavoie, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
2-Butanol, or sec-butanol, is essentially produced from the hydration of 1- or 2-butene. The concept is once again quite comparable to what was previously reported for IPA production from propene. In opposition to 1-butanol, 2-butanol exists as two stereoisomers, both of which have very comparable chemical properties. Billing reported that the tendency for the production of 2-butanol is to use raffinate II as feedstock since it is cheaper than using clean n-butenes. Raffinate II refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene and isobutylene from C4 raffinate stream. It mainly consists of cis- or trans-2-butene 50~60 wt%, 1-butene 10~15 wt%, and n-butane ~20 wt%. Usually, it may contain other compounds such as butadiene and isobutylene that have to be removed prior to utilization for obvious reasons. It was reported that the DEA Mineraloel company is currently operating a 2-butanol plant through direct hydration of n-butene using a proprietary catalyst (Billing 2001). The latter could possibly be the sulfonated styrene divinylbenzene copolymer filed in the 1976 Deutsche Texaco patent, which also reported the production of 2-propanol (Webers et al. 1976). 2-Butanol is used almost exclusively (90%) for the production of methyl ethyl ketone as well as a solvent for industrial applications (Billing 2001).
Biomass Chemistry
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Structural isomers of alkenes are obtained by changing the position of the double bonds or by changing the way the carbon atoms are joined to each other. The presence of double bonds can lead to another type of isomerism: geometric isomerism (cis–trans isomerism). However, the presence of a double bond is not a guarantee for such geometric isomerism. In order for such isomerism to be exhibited, each carbon atom involved in the double bond must be attached to different functional groups. For example, Figure 2.5 shows the structural isomers with the empirical formula C4H8: 1-butene, 2-butene, and 2-methyl propene. However, 2-butene exhibits geometric isomerism as well. The cis isomer of 2-butene has the methyl (CH3) substituent groups oriented on the same side of the double bond and the trans isomer has the methyl groups on opposite sides of the double bond.
Current-Driven Desorption at the Organic Molecule–Semiconductor Interface: Cyclopentene on Si(100)
Published in Tamar Seideman, Current-Driven Phenomena in Nanoelectronics, 2016
N. L. Yoder, R. Jorn, C.-C. Kaun, T. Seideman, M. C. Hersam
Two of these molecules, propene and cyclohexene, are shown in Fig. 7.13. Both systems display distortions in their ionic states that closely resemble those of cyclopentene. In the case of the positive ion for propene (Fig. 7.13a) and cyclohexene (Fig. 7.13c), the distortion is characterized primarily by the stretching of the Si-Si dimer bond. Similarly, the negative ion geometry shows a buckling of the dimer and twisting of the ring as was observed for cyclopentene. Furthermore, several other molecules including ethylene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene also exhibit nearly identical
Catalytic properties of Al13TM4 complex intermetallics: influence of the transition metal and the surface orientation on butadiene hydrogenation
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Laurent Piccolo, Corentin Chatelier, Marie-Cécile De Weerd, Franck Morfin, Julian Ledieu, Vincent Fournée, Peter Gille, Emilie Gaudry
During the reaction, the gases were continuously sampled through a leak valve and analyzed by a mass spectrometer (MS) evacuated by an oil diffusion pump capped with a liquid nitrogen trap (base pressure 2 × 10–10 Torr, analysis pressure 2 × 10–8 Torr). The MS intensities for m/z = 2, 40, 54, 56, and 58 were recorded for hydrogen, argon, butadiene (C4H6), butenes (C4H8), and butane (C4H10), respectively. In some cases, on-line gas chromatography (GC) was employed in addition to MS for determining the full distribution of 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation products, i.e. the three butene isomers (1-butene, trans-2-butene and cis-2-butene) and butane, using an automatic gas sampling device connected to an Agilent 6850 GC-FID [44]. With an Agilent HP-AL/KCl column (50 m × 0.53 × 15 µm) kept at 80°C, a chromatogram was recorded every 10 min.
Can 2-methyl-2-butene and isoprene form clathrate hydrates?
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Kaniki Tumba, Paramespri Naidoo, Amir H. Mohammadi, Deresh Ramjugernath
2-methyl-2-butene and isoprene are valuable chemicals mainly recovered from cracking streams in petroleum refineries. Isoprene is mainly used for the manufacture of synthetic rubber while 2-methyl-2-buteneserves as starting material for many other chemicals (Weitz and Loser 2000). In the presence of other C5 hydrocarbons, these two compounds form close-boiling mixtures which are currently separated by extractive distillation or liquid-liquid extraction. Both techniques require a great amount of energy. Gas hydrate-based separation is generally regarded as a more economic and more environmental friendly alternative to distillation and liquid-liquid extraction. Nevertheless, prior to its use, it must be established whether 2-methyl-2-butene or/and isoprene are hydrate formers. The abilility for either of the two hydrocarbons to form hydrates has not yet been addressed in the literature. In the present study, hydrate dissociation data measurements were undertaken for three systems by means of the well established isochoric pressure search method: 1) methane + water, 2) isoprene + methane + water and 3) 2-methyl-2-butene + methane + water. Methane was included in these systems because it is a well-known help guest for large hydrate formers (Mohammadi, Belandria, & Richon 2009). The possibility of gas hydrate formation was examined through the effect of isoprene or 2-methyl-2-butene (water insoluble chemicals) on methane hydrate dissociation conditions.
Pre-ignition detection and early fire detection in mining vehicles
Published in Mining Technology, 2021
Saha and Bowmick (2017) performed experiments on acrylonitrile–butadiene model compounds to determine the thermal decomposition characteristics. Besides the H2 and CO being the most common gases released from the pyrolysis process, the other most common fragments were identified as 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, 2-butene and 3-butenenitrile. Fuh and Wang (1998) performed an analysis on the pyrolysis of nitrile rubber and found common fragments to be 1,3-butadiene, 2-propenenitrile, benzene and toulene.