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Elastomers
Published in Ronald M. Scott, in the WORKPLACE, 2020
Styrene was discussed in Chapter 7. The vapors are irritating enough that dangerous exposure is not likely to be tolerated. At high concentrations, it is narcotic, and can produce “styrene sickness” with nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. Butadiene is weakly irritating and narcotic. For the most part, unsaturated aliphatic compounds are not serious problems. However, butadiene may be weakly carcinogenic. Current exposure levels may be causing up to 23 excess cancer deaths per year among the approximately 5900 workers exposed. ACGIH has recommended a 10-ppm standard, contrasting sharply with the present PEL of 1000 ppm.
Feedstock Composition and Properties
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Butadiene (C4H6, CH2=CHCH=CH2) is a gaseous hydrocarbon at ambient temperature and pressure having a boiling point of −4.38°C (24.1°F) which may be handled as a liquid at moderate pressure. Ambient temperatures are generally used for long-term storage due to the easy formation of butadiene dimer (4-vinyl cyclohexene-l).
Polymers
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Butadiene is weakly irritating and narcotic. For the most part, unsaturated aliphatic compounds are not serious problems. However, butadiene may be weakly carcinogenic. Current exposure levels may be causing up to 23 excess cancer deaths per year among the approximately 5900 workers exposed. ACGIH has recommended a 10-ppm standard, contrasting sharply with the present PEL of 1000 ppm. Styrene was discussed earlier in this chapter.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Butadiene is employed primarily in the production of synthetic rubbers and polymers, which are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. Butadiene is also utilized as an intermediate in the production of chloroprene and other chemicals. The highest exposures to butadiene occur in occupational settings in several industrial activities, such as petroleum refining and related operations, production of C4 fractions containing butadiene, production and distribution of gasoline, production of purified butadiene monomer, and manufacture of rubber and plastic products, such as tires, hoses and a variety of molded objects. There is some low-level airborne exposure of the general public. 1,3-Butadiene induces cancer of the hematolymphatic system.
Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among workers exposed to 1,3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry in Iran
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi, Farideh Golbabaei, Ali Karimi
As mentioned, one of the hazardous volatile organic compounds used in industrial environments including petrochemicals is 1,3-butadiene. 1,3-butadiene is a colorless gas with a mild gasoline-like odor and was classified as carcinogenic to human by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).5,11 The Clean Air Act Amendments added 1,3-butadiene to the USEPA hazardous air pollutants list. It ranks 36th among the top 50 most produced chemicals within the United States and is one of the top 33 in the toxic release inventory.12 Some of the non-carcinogenic and hygienic effects of this compound include stimulating the nervous system, eyes, nose, and airways, fatigue and reducing the blood pressure.11 At industrial levels, 1,3-butadiene is used as an intermediate chemical for the production of various chemical materials. About 60 percent of the 1,3-butadiene that produced in the petrochemical industry, used as a monomer to make a variety of polymers and copolymers, such as ABS (Acrylonitrile, Butadiene and Styrene) granules.12,13 In the European Union, epidemiological studies performed in the 1980s showed that 31553 workers were exposed to levels higher than the permitted level of 1,3-butadiene.14 As mentioned, one of the most important health effects of exposure to 1,3-butadiene is the negative effect on the function of respiratory system. The possible effects of exposure to 1,3-butadiene on respiratory tract have been investigated in a few studies. Previous studies have shown that 1,3-butadiene causes coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, nasal passages irritation,15 asthma and lung cancer.16,17