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Preparation, Modification, and Hybridization of One-Dimensional Ionic Ladder-Like Polysilsesquioxanes
Published in Kazuhiro Shikinaka, Functionalization of Molecular Architectures, 2018
Most dispersants for CNTs are organic compounds. Conversely, only a few methods to disperse CNTs in liquid media using inorganic dispersants such as siloxane-based materials have been reported because of the difficulty to design the molecular structure of the siloxane-based materials compared with the organic compounds. A few examples of siloxane-based materials as dispersants for CNTs are polysiloxane [61] and POSS [62] containing pyrene groups. These soluble siloxane-based materials used as dispersants for CNTs probably exhibit the potential for the development of thermostable CNT hybrids and composites. Therefore, we investigated the dispersion of CNTs by using the aforementioned ammonium-group-containing ladder-like PSQs with various counterions. Consequently, we found that the PSQ with triiodide counterions (PSQ-NH3I3) can serve as dispersant for multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) in hydrophobic alcohol, such as 1-pentanol (Fig. 3.3) [63].
Chromatographic Techniques for Characterization of Carbons and Carbon Composites
Published in Paweł K. Zarzycki, Pure and Functionalized Carbon Based Nanomaterials, 2020
Adam Voelkel, Beata Strzemiecka
Donnet et al. (Donnet et al. 2002) used inverse gas chromatographic technique at finite concentration to determine the distribution of surface energy sites. Authors applied three molecular probes (hexane, 1-pentanol, 1-pentylamine) to examine the series of carbon blacks. The carbon black surface has a good affinity with hydrocarbon chains, such as hexane. In the case of pentanol, weaker interactions were detected. The possibility of hydrogen bond formation between pentanol and carbon black surface is small. Stronger interactions were detected for pentylamine, revealing acidic character of examined carbon blacks. Authors were able to present good correlations between BET nitrogen surface areas and the number of the sites on carbon black surfaces.
KOH-Based Anisotropic Etching
Published in Prem Pal, Kazuo Sato, Silicon Wet Bulk Micromachining for MEMS, 2017
Various groups of alcohols (propanols, butanols, and pentanols) differ among each other by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Within each group, the molecules differ with the location of –OH group (order of alcohol). Alcohols belonging to the group of butanols and pentanols have bigger and heavier molecules than isopropanol (their molar mass is larger, and so is larger their boiling point). It is worth noting that in every group the highest boiling point has the alcohol with the –OH group situated at the first carbon atom (1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol). Such an increase in the boiling point is beneficial for the course of the etching process.
Experimental analysis of a mini truck CRDI diesel engine fueled with n-Amyl alcohol/diesel blends with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as a DeNOx technique under the influence of EGR
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Santhosh K, Kumar Gottekere Narayanappa
Earlier the higher alcohols (C5-C10) were produced only from the petroleum sources, and also the manufacturing cost of these alcohols is high. However, the fuel properties of higher alcohols are superior compared to lower carbon chain alcohol (C1-C4); it attracts the researchers, biotechnology companies, and industries. With their continuous interest and dedication finally, the production of higher alcohol from nonpetroleum sources like biomass is found (Pan et al. 2018). The researchers genetically engineered some micro-organisms like Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and photosynthetic organisms like cyanobacteria to produce the higher carbon chain alcohols biologically from nonfood biomasses (Kumar et al. 2016). The higher carbon chain alcohols are also produced by using carbon dioxide (CO2) by photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide or direct electro-microbial conversion (Li et al. 2012). The conversion of CO2 into higher alcohols reduces the greenhouse gas emission and eliminates the unnecessary energy expenditure to deconstruct biomass (Atsumi, Higashide, and Liao 2009; Sheehan 2009). The n-Amyl alcohol (The n-Amyl alcohol is also named as 1-pentanol and n-pentanol.), n-Hexanol, and Decanol are the most promising higher alcohols.