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Rodent Models of Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy: Inducers, Symptoms, Inhibitors and Reaction Mechanisms
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
László Dézsi, László Rosivall, Péter Hamar, János Szebeni, Gábor Szénási
Zymosan is a ligand found on the surface of fungi, like yeast, and it is widely used to activate the alternative pathway of complement. It is a glucan with repeating glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic linkages, which activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in resident macrophages via toll-like receptors [15]. Damas et al. performed a series of studies to explore the hemodynamic, pulmonary and hematologic effects of zymosan in rats, and reported the following changes [16–21]. Intravenous treatment with zymosan reduced serum C hemolytic activity and caused leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as decreased blood pressure and increased hematocrit as a result of extravasation of extracellular fluid in various vascular beds [16–21]. Most importantly, zymosan increased right ventricular systolic pressure and respiratory rate [18], which is also a key finding in pigs after liposome administration [22]. WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist, prevented the decreases in blood pressure and right ventricular systolic pressure, while indomethacin decreased the tachypnea and pulmonary hypertension but enhanced the drop in blood pressure and right ventricular systolic pressure. The vascular permeability change in the lung was abolished by indomethacin, and no plasma extravasation was found in rats made leukopenic by rabbit anti-neutrophil serum. On the other hand, WEB 2086, the antihistamine mepyramine, or the non-selective serotonin antagonist methysergide did not affect the vascular permeability response to zymosan in the lung. The zymosan-induced paw edema was prevented by pretreatment with the histamine H2 receptor antagonists, cimetidine and metiamide [19].
Fabrication of Ag-doped ZnO by mechanochemical combustion method and their application into photocatalytic Famotidine degradation
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2019
Md. Ashraful Islam Molla, Mai Furukawa, Ikki Tateishi, Hideyuki Katsumata, Satoshi Kaneco
The target molecule Famotidine (FMT, Fig. 1) for degradation is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist, which may induce altered mental status in older adults and cause chronic kidney disease.[9] It is reported that average concentrations of FMT include 25 ng/L in drug production facilities and 94 ng/L in hospitals wastewater discharges.[10] Due to the presence of amine, thiazole and thioether groups in FMT structure, it displays excellent complexing properties.[11] FMT slowly hydrolyzes in aqueous solutions (pKa = 6.7) and can be considered as a persistent contaminant.[12] Hence, it is very important to develop the treatment technology for FMT urgently to complete removal from wastewaters, preventing its hazardous accumulation in the future.