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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The orbit, the skull cavity for the eye, is comprised of portions of several cranial and facial bones. This complex structure may help to reduce risk to the eye, as a break in any one of the bones can leave a majority of the cavity intact. The zygomatic or cheek bone (also called zygoma) is the lateral prominent facial bone next to the eye.
The influence of helmet on the prevention of maxillofacial fractures sustained during motorcycle accidents
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
Muhammad Ruslin, Jan Wolff, Harmas Yazid Yusuf, Muhammad Zafrullah Arifin, Paolo Boffano, Tymour Forouzanfar
This study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Medical faculty, the University of Padjadjaran/Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. The study comprised of half-coverage helmeted and unhelmeted patients who had sustained maxillofacial fractures during motorcycle accidents at the urban Bandung area in Indonesia. Only hospitalized patients with maxillofacial fractures and a mild head injury that had been surgically treated within 48 h were included in this study. The riders whose helmet flied out before their head hit the ground were included as unhelmetted patients. All patients who had sustained moderate or severe head injuries were excluded from the study. Furthermore, multiple trauma and alcoholized patients were excluded from the study. The maxillofacial fractures were divided into three parts upper, middle, and lower facial. The upper part of facial skeleton comprising the frontal bone, the middle part comprising the midfacial bone: the maxilla, the nasoethmoid, and lateral midfacial bone-zygoma, and the lower part comprising the mandible. All patients in this study were scored using the GCS upon arrival at the hospital. Furthermore, computed tomography scans of all patients were also performed. Blood samples were taken from all studied patients and centrifuged for 10 min at 2.500 rotations per minute. Neuron-specific enolase measurements were performed with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using a sandwich technique in duplicate with NSE kits (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and the Elecsys 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). This study underwent NSE screening within 24 h since the half-life of NSE in the serum is approximately 48 h (Wunderlich et al., 1999). The NSE cut-off value is 10 ng/ml (Bazarian & Merchant-Borna, 2014).