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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa, produces aldosterone, which is necessary for reabsorption of sodium in the kidney. An excess of aldosterone causes salt and water retention. The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by rennin, a hormone secreted by the kidney.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa, produces aldosterone, which is necessary for reabsorption of sodium in the kidney. An excess of aldosterone causes salt and water retention. The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by rennin, a hormone secreted by the kidney.
Hormonal Regulation of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Ions
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems, 2020
The adrenal cortical hormone aldosterone (ALDO) is involved in a complex manner in both the regulation of blood volume and IF [K+]. Even though Na+ ions figure in these coupled regulatory systems, aldosterone concentration has little effect on IF [Na+], which is regulated by ADH.59 Conversely, [ADH] has little effect on IF [K+] if the ALDO system is intact. The cells in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secrete ALDO primarily in response to IF [K+]. The mechanism by which IF [K+] affects the ALDO secretion rate is not known. An increase in [angiotensin II] in the blood causes an increase in the rate of ALDO secretion as well, but the angiotensin II mechanism is about 1/100 as effective as the [K+] stimulus. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is important for ALDO secretion in that if it is absent, no ALDO will be secreted! Some [ACTH] is required for normal IF [K+]-controlled secretion of ALDO. Guyton59 states that a 10 to 20% decrease in IF [Na+] can on rare occasions double Q˙ALDO. It generally agreed that IF [Na+] and [ACTH] have minor effects on the secretion of ALDO by the adrenal cortex. The “normal” Q˙ALDO=150μg/day, or 104.2 ng/min (average). The mean IF concentration of ALDO is 100 ng/1. ALDO is broken down in the liver, and by-products are secreted in the feces and urine. A simple first-order loss model for ALDO gives the ordinary differential equation () [ALDO]·=−(TWV⋅KLALDO)[ALDO]+TWV⋅Q˙ALDOng/min
Salivary aldosterone and cortisone respond differently to high- and low-psychologically stressful soccer competitions
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Timothy S. McHale, Wai-Chi Chee, Carolyn R. Hodges-Simeon, David T. Zava, Graham Albert, Ka-Chun Chan, Peter B. Gray
Aldosterone is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and increases during physically stressful contexts, such as exercise (Zorbas et al., 2001). It is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance by acting on the kidneys to conserve salt and water by stimulating sodium and water reabsorption from the gut, and salivary and sweat glands, during physically demanding conditions (Bollag, 2014). Salivary aldosterone is closely associated with plasma aldosterone levels (Lichtenauer et al., 2016; Mcvie et al., 1979). Research on adults has shown that aldosterone levels significantly increase during physically taxing forms of exercise and competition, such as rally car races (Bollag, 2014; Del Rosso et al., 2016; Joëls & de Kloet, 2017; De Souza et al., 1989; Zorbas et al., 2001). Evidence also suggests that aldosterone may even decrease when both physical and psychosocial stress levels are low; among competitors in a non-physical, team, informal e-sports gaming competition, aldosterone significantly decreased following the game (Gray et al., 2018). These findings among adults imply that aldosterone is sensitive to intense physical stress; yet, the direction and magnitude of change may also be regulated by psychological stress (Apostolopoulou et al., 2014; Franklin et al., 2012; Hlavacova & Jezova, 2008a, 2008b; Segeda et al., 2017). More research is needed, however, to understand how aldosterone is regulated in competitive activities, like sports, during childhood.