China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
West Nile virus (WNV) emerged from its origin in 1937 in Africa (Uganda) into Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, and associated islands. It is a Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) with more than 70 identified viruses. Serologically, it is a JE virus antigenic complex similar to SLE, JE, and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses. Similar to other encephalitides, it is cycled between birds and mosquitoes and transmitted to mammals (including horses) and man by infected mosquitoes. WNV might be described in one of four illnesses: West Nile fever (WNF) might be the least severe and is characterized by fever, headache, tiredness, and aches or a rash; like the “flu.” This might last a few days or several weeks. At least 63% of patients report symptoms lasting over 30 days, with the median being 60 days. The other types are grouped as “neuroinvasive disease” which affects the nervous system. West Nile encephalitis affects the brain and West Nile meningitis (WNM, meningoencephalitis) causes an inflammation of the brain and membrane around it (CDC).
Modeling spatial pattern of dengue in North Central Mexico using survey data and logistic regression
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Daniel Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos Arturo Aguirre-Salado, Guillermo Sánchez-Díaz, Alejandro Ivan Aguirre-Salado, Carlos Soubervielle-Montalvo, Oscar Reyes-Cárdenas, Humberto Reyes-Hernández, Marcela Virginia Santana-Juárez
This study is a detailed regional analysis of spatial distribution of dengue cases in relation to their statistically significant variables. It can be a valuable tool for designing strategies to restrain dengue outbreaks in the Huasteca Potosina. It therefore brings into light the high probability zones for dengue occurrence that must be permanently surveyed in order to establish either fumigation campaigns or permanent surveillance. Particular efforts must be made to raise awareness among communities to take measures daily to avoid stagnant water accumulation in cavities and containers, particularly during hot and rainy summers, and especially in days following rainfall events. Finally, this approach can also be used to design spatial modeling strategies on a local scale, for other regions around the world that have spatialized information of confirmed cases for other neglected tropical diseases i.e. zika, chikungunya, West Nile virus, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis.
Modeling the average population of La Crosse vectors in Knox County, Tennessee
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Maitraya Ghatak, Javier Urcuyo, Patrick Wise, Rebecca Trout Fryxell, Suzanne Lenhart
Thus, understanding the dynamics of the vectors is important for managing LACV and preventing LACE. A mathematical rigorous approach to modelling a population of a species with the life-history divided in age classes has been previously outlined (Gurney, Nisbet, & Lawton, 1983). This work points out that some rates may have a type of delayed effect (Beck-Johnson et al., 2013). Environmental factors, such as temperature and precipitation, are known to influence mosquito population dynamics, and previous studies have shown a relationship between such environmental variables and arboviral infection rates for other vectors and vector-borne diseases (Paull et al., 2017). The different impacts of environmental factors on individual species is not well known and the fine details of how they influence population dynamics have not been well established. Mosquito development from one life stage to another often depends on either temperature, precipitation, or both; environmental factors over an extended period likely play a significant role on lifespan, parity, and biting frequency. The combined effects of rainfall and temperature had an impact on West Nile virus transmission over a single season (Shand et al., 2016); though the specific impacts of temperature and precipitation are likely to vary for LACV compared to West Nile virus because they are transmitted by different mosquito genera. Other environmentally-driven models have been created for Ae. albopictus in a Mediterranean climate (Cailly et al., 2012; Ezanno et al., 2015; Tran et al., 2013).
Changes in extreme events and the potential impacts on human health
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2018
Jesse E. Bell, Claudia Langford Brown, Kathryn Conlon, Stephanie Herring, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Jay Lawrimore, George Luber, Carl Schreck, Adam Smith, Christopher Uejio
Temperature has relevant effects on the transmission of vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and Lyme disease. For example, extended spring and summer seasons associated with warmer temperatures have the potential to increase exposure risk or disease transmission (Beard et al. 2016). In the case of Lyme disease, warmer winter and spring temperatures are projected to lead to earlier timing in which ticks seek hosts, and thus earlier onset of Lyme disease cases (Levi et al. 2015). Additionally, warmer temperatures may accelerate the tick life cycle, increasing the likelihood of tick survival to reproduce (Ogden et al. 2014). Similarly for mosquitoes, which carry diseases like West Nile virus, warmer temperatures may increase the mosquito season as well as speed up the mosquito life cycle, leading to larger populations (Reisen et al. 2008) and faster virus replication (Kilpatrick et al. 2008), which is thought to have been the underlying factor in the 2012 West Nile virus outbreak in Texas (Chung et al. 2013).