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Electrical Safety
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
The severity of injury from an electrical shock depends on the amount of electrical current and the length of time the current passes through the body. For example, 1/10 of an ampere of electricity going through the body for just 2 s is enough to cause death. The amount of internal current a person can withstand and still be able to control the muscles of the arm and hand can be less than 10 mA. Currents greater than 75 mA cause ventricular fibrillation. This condition will cause death within a few minutes unless a special device called a defibrillator is used to save the victim. Heart paralysis occurs at 4 A, which means the heart does not pump at all. Tissue is burned with currents greater than 5 A.3Table 14.1 shows the effects of electrical current on the human body.4
The hazards and risks from electricity
Published in John M. Madden, Electrical Safety and the Law, 2017
If the casualty is suffering ventricular fibrillation, the only effective way to restore normal heart rhythm is by the use of a defibrillator. In that respect, the increasing availability of automatic external defibrillators in some places of work, and in public places such as shopping centres and railway stations, is a welcome development. Unfortunately, in most accident scenarios, a defibrillator is not immediately available. The first aider should therefore summon the emergency services and carry out cardio-pulmonary resuscitation until either the casualty recovers or professional assistance arrives.
Nonatmospheric Hazardous Conditions: The Role of Confined Energy
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
Ventricular fibrillation is the uncoordinated, asynchronous contraction of the ventricular muscle fibers. An electrical shock passing through or across the chest can cause ventricular fibrillation. The victim becomes unconscious in less than 10 seconds, because blood circulation stops. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, promptly administered, can provide some circulation of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart until a defibrillator can be used (NIOSH 1986a). The only way to restore heart rhythm is to use a defibrillator. A defibrillator applies a pulse shock to the chest.
A review of arrhythmia detection based on electrocardiogram with artificial intelligence
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Jinlei Liu, Zhiyuan Li, Yanrui Jin, Yunqing Liu, Chengliang Liu, Liqun Zhao, Xiaojun Chen
According to the American Heart Association statistics, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the primary cause of death in the world [1]. Due to irregular and unhealthy lifestyles, patients with CVDs tend to become younger. The early symptoms of most CVDs are irregular heartbeats, also known as arrhythmia. Arrhythmia is generated by the disordered electrical activity of the heart, and some arrhythmia such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) can be life-threatening [2]. In addition, atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), premature ventricular contraction (PVC), premature atrial contraction (PAC), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), and bradycardia are also common types of arrhythmia [3]. Therefore, rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia are particularly essential.
Two Zn(II)-based coordination polymers: treatment effect on the cardiac arrest induced by anesthesia by regulating Sirt1 expression
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Yuan Chen, Tian Yang, Jie Huang, Hui-Yuan Yong
The treatment activity of the compounds on cardiac arrest induced by anesthesia was evaluated. Firstly, the ELISA detection was performed in this experiment to detect the content of cardiac troponin T and B brain natriuretic peptide in the serum. This experiment was performed under the guidance of the instructions with a little modification. Briefly, 40 male SD rats were needed in this experiment, which were purchased from Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). The rats were kept at 45% humidity and 20–25 °C temperature condition with 12 h light or dark cycle before experiment. All the conductions in this research were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University (Nanjing, China). All the animals were divided into four different groups: control group (n = 10), model group (n = 10), compound 1 treatment group (n = 10) and compound 2 treatment group (n = 10). Cardiac arrest-cardiopulmonary resuscitation model was established by ventricular fibrillation. After that, 5 mg/kg compound 1 or 2 intervention was performed in the compound treatment groups, and the same volume of PBS solution was given for the control and model group. After indicated treatment, the serum in the rats of different groups was collected and the content of the cardiac troponin T and B brain natriuretic peptide was detected. This experiment was performed at least three times, and the results were showed as mean ± SD.
Using timbre to improve performance of larger auditory alarm sets
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Michael F. Rayo, Emily S. Patterson, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Susan D. Moffatt-Bruce
We created seven alarm sounds that mapped to eleven signified events, which required that some sounds were associated with multiple events. These events were chosen by the institution’s clinical leadership to be the most important events for nurses to attend to across all inpatient units. To lessen the negative effect that these event mappings would have on informativeness, multiple events were assigned to a single alarm only if they were similar in type, detectability and expected response. For example, one alarm (Cardiac Crisis) was used to signify cardiac arrest (asystole) and two life-threatening heart arrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia). With current sensor technology, the false alarm rate for the three alarms is similar. The expected response for all of these events is also similar: for a registered nurse to go immediately to the patient and perform life-saving measures. Details of these event-to-sound groupings can be found in Table 1.