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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Thermography can assess venous ulcer healing potential by measuring temperature differences in the wound and the peri-wound skin.197 A clean venous wound area larger than one square centimeter has about the same temperature as the peri-wound skin. The presence of bacteria in the wound produces a significant 0.4°C (0.72°F) differential temperature increases in the peri-wound skin; an increased number of bacterial species in the wound is associated with a highly significant temperature difference of 0.95°C (1.7°F). A lower temperature difference between these two areas is a reliable predictor of wound healing. Unfortunately, the correlation of infrared results in differentiating venous ulcer healing is confounded by the warmth of underlying varicose veins frequently associated with venous ulcers (Figure 10.77).198
Patient-specific medical compression stockings (MCSs) development based on mathematic model and non-contact 3D body scanning
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a very common disease, connected to risk factors such as age, sex, family history, obesity, pregnancy, and a standing occupation (Robertson et al., 2008). Venous disease was divided into C0-C6 grades by CEAP (Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology) classification system, which are: C0: No visible or palpable signs of venous disease; C1: Telangiectasis or reticular veins; C2: Varicose veins; C3: Edema; C4: Changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue divided into two subclasses; C4a: Pigmentation or eczema; C4b: Lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche; C5: Healed venous ulcer. C6: Active venous ulcer. Compression therapy is the mainstay of precaution or one of the basic treatment methods used for the above venous diseases, amount of clinical practices had been proved that medical compression stockings (MCSs) have the following functions: to reduce venous diameter and to restore muscular pump function, increase blood return velocity and oppose the hydrostatic forces of venous hypertension, for prevention of deep and superficial vein thrombosis, reduction in inflammation, swelling and pain (Attaran & Chaar, 2017; Benkö et al., 2001; Serra et al., 2017).
Recent developments on foaming mechanical and electronic techniques for the management of varicose veins
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
C. Davide Critello, Salvatore A. Pullano, Thomas J. Matula, Stefano De Franciscis, Raffaele Serra, Antonino S. Fiorillo
Venous insufficiency is a common disease referring to incompetent veins where the normal antegrade blood flow is compromised. The earliest sign of venous insufficiency is the appearance of dilated and tortuous veins, particularly varicose veins, measuring 3 mm or larger in diameter in an upright position [1]. Varicose veins also occur in more severe advanced clinical conditions including the visual presence of edema, skin damage and venous ulcer [2]. The veins most commonly affected are those located in the legs, although abnormal dilated veins may occur interiorly as well, located in the esophagus or in the pelvis, or at or near the most distal part of the digestive tube (hemorrhoids) [3]. Predisposing factors for the development of varicose veins include age, family history, standing occupation, and the raising of venous pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, and intra-abdominal pathology.
Varicose ulcer(C6) wound image tissue classification using multidimensional convolutional neural networks
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2019
V. Rajathi, R. R. Bhavani, G. Wiselin Jiji
Figure 3 shows stages of CEAP classification namely C1: Telangiectasia or reticular veins, C2: Varicose veins,C3: Oedema without skin changes, C4: skin changes to venous disease: pigmentation or eczema, C5: healed venous ulcer, C6: active venous ulcer.