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The Lower Extremities
Published in Melanie Franklyn, Peter Vee Sin Lee, Military Injury Biomechanics, 2017
The musculature of the thigh can be divided into three parts: anterior, medial and posterior compartments (Huelke 1986). The anterior compartment consists of hip flexors and knee extensors. The quadriceps femoris, which include the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius, are the most powerful extensors of the knee joint. The medial compartment features a heavy group of adductor muscles, including the adductor longis, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externus. The hamstrings, located in the posterior compartment, are responsible for flexing the knee and extending the hip and thigh. The hamstrings consist of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and bicep femoris (Moore et al. 2011).
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Musculus vastus intermedius occupies the deepest part of the quadriceps femoris. This muscle is situated directly on the femur having a membranous tendon on its anterior surface allowing a gliding movement between itself and rectus femoris. Insertion: The origin is on the anteriolateral shaft of the femur bone. It also occupies the lower half of the linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line. Distal insertion is on tuberosity of the tibia via the patellar ligament. Action: Extension of the knee. Innervations are given by femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4).
Effects of high heels on medial tibiofemoral cartilage mechanics: an exploration using musculoskeletal simulation and a probabilistic cartilage failure model
Published in Footwear Science, 2023
Jonathan Sinclair, Yifang Fan, Jinluan Lin, Bobbie Butters, Paul John Taylor, Nachiappan Chockalingam
In agreement with our hypotheses, the current investigation importantly showed using musculoskeletal simulation and contact mechanical modelling that compressive medial tibiofemoral joint forces, stresses and strains were statistically increased in the heeled conditions in comparison to the trainer and also linearly between heel heights. It is proposed that these observations in relation to joint mechanics were mediated by the corresponding increases in quadriceps muscle kinetics, as Sinclair et al. (2021) showed that vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscle forces were the most prominent predictors of medial tibiofemoral loading. This observation supports those using joint moments and indicates that heeled footwear increases the risk of from the mechanical parameters linked to the aetiology of medial knee OA (Simonsen et al., 2012; Barkema et al. 2012; Kerrigan et al., 1998) compared to walking exclusively in non-heeled footwear.
Influence of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction on patellar tracking and patellofemoral contact pressures in patella alta
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Travis J. Jones, Jason L. Koh, John J. Elias
Dual limb knee squatting was simulated, as described previously (Elias et al. 2018, 2022). Loading and boundary conditions were adapted from an in vitro knee simulator (Mizuno et al. 2001; Kumagai et al. 2002), including three rotational degrees of freedom at the ankle and flexion/extension, varus/valgus rotation, and superior/inferior translation allowed at the hip. The quadriceps force was applied through springs representing the quadriceps tendon and increased from 42 N at full extension to 300 N at 90° of flexion. The quadriceps force was divided along lines of action representing the vastus medialis obliquus, vastus lateralis, and combination of the vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, and vastus medialis longus. Forces applied along lines of action representing the medial and lateral hamstrings combined to equal one-third of the total quadriceps force. Motion was initiated by a temporary hip flexion moment and a 200 N vertical force representing body weight applied to one hip. Tibiofemoral flexion was quantified based on the floating axis convention for anatomical coordinate systems fixed to the femur and tibia (Elias et al. 2014).
Hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio and cross-sectional area of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles assessed using extended field-of-view ultrasonography
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2021
Eleftherios Kellis, Chrysostomos Sahinis, Konstantinos Dafkou, Athanasios Ellinoudis, Nikiforos Galanis
The CSA also varies along the length of the muscle (Behan et al., 2018; Blazevich et al., 2006; Mersmann et al., 2015; Narici et al., 1989). Some studies have reported that the CSA of the quadriceps is greater proximally compared with distal locations (Narici et al., 1989; Noorkoiv et al., 2010). These differences vary between individual muscles, as the CSA of vastus medialis (VM) is found more distally compared with the VL and vastus intermedius (VI) (Behan et al., 2018; Mersmann et al., 2015). Regional variations in the anatomical CSA of each individual hamstring have only recently been examined (Behan et al., 2018; Kositsky et al., 2019) and it was found that the SM and BFsh displayed the greatest CSA distally while maximum ST and BFlh were observed in mid-thigh position. Inter- and intra-muscular variations in muscle morphology are worth investigating because not only they may influence force generation capacity but they may provide information on the adaptations of muscle to training (Matta et al., 2017).