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Environmental Health
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Camille J. George, William J. George
Antagonism occurs when two chemicals interfere with each other’s actions or when one chemical interferes with the action of another chemical. During severe barbiturate intoxication, blood pressure falls dramatically. This response can be effectively overcome by intravenous administration of a vasopressor agent such as norepinephrine (Klaassen and Doull, 1980).
Blood pressure response simulator to vasopressor drug infusion (PressorSim)
Published in International Journal of Control, 2021
Guoyan Cao, Karolos M. Grigoriadis
Vasopressors (or pressors) are intravenous drugs that are administered in critical care to increase and regulate the blood pressure of hypotensive patients to restore perfusion and achieve hemodynamic stability (Herget-Rosenthal et al., 2008). Pressors, such as phenylephrine (PHP), epinephrine, ephedrine and norepinephrine, raise reduced blood pressure by acting as vasoconstrictors to increase total peripheral resistance. They are used for resuscitation of critical patients suffering from haemorrhage, spinal cord injury, septic shock, traumatic brain injury, severe burn or other critical hypotensive conditions (Hollenberg, 2007). Accurate administration of pressors is essential to achieve adequate cardiac output without drug overdosing that could lead to tachycardia and cardiac arrest. Resuscitation is achieved by seeking to regulate the patient’s mean arterial pressure (MAP) to target values by appropriate intravenous pressor infusion via volumetric bolus injections (Flancbaum et al., 1997). Pressor administration is significantly complicated by the fact that responsiveness to the drug is vastly varying from patient to patient (inter-patient variability), as well as, as within a given patient over time (intra-patent variability) due to varying human physiology (Ortiz & Garvin, 2001). Hence, the resuscitation of hypovolemic patients by medical personnel using pressors is a challenging process, especially in a critical care environment where dedicated medical attention is often sparse.