China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Electrospun Implantable Conducting Nanomaterials
Published in K.M. Praveen, Rony Thomas Murickan, Jobin Joy, Hanna J. Maria, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications, 2023
Fahimeh Roshanfar, Zohre Mousavi Nejad, Neda Alasvand, K. Anand
Furthermore, the electrospinning method is a simple, cost-effective and relatively reproducible method [46]. Studies have shown that using blends of synthetic and natural materials to fabricate electrospun tissue scaffolds are more successful in encouraging cell attachment, proliferation and chondrogenic development in comparison to synthetic materials alone [47]. The concept of vascular tissue engineering is to develop substitute blood vessels for clinical applications. Since electrospun scaffolds have large surface areas and high porosity, they might improve gas and nutrient exchange which are both essential for angiogenesis, one of the most important criteria for vascular regeneration [48]. To achieve successful cardiac tissue engineering, the scaffold used must be elastic and conductive to precisely mimic cardiac functions. According to reported studies, nanofibrous conductive scaffolds exhibited sufficient biocompatibility, and could improve beating of primary cardiomyocytes [49].
Micro-CT visualization of structure development during freeze-drying processes
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Tim Siebert, Marcus Zuber, Elias Hamann, Tilo Baumbach, Heike P. Karbstein, Volker Gaukel
A carrot root consists of ground and vascular tissue and is surrounded by the epidermis, or skin. In this study, the skin was peeled off and is therefore not visible. Ground tissue stores starches, sugar, and carotene, and its pore structure is very uniform. It consists mostly of oval pores with a diameter between 50 and 500 µm that are oriented tangential to the disc. In the main picture of the right montage in Figure 4, the outer 3–5 mm represent the ground tissue layer, which comprises the vascular tissue in the roots core. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, sugars, and amino acids and consists of xylem and phloem.[23] The transportive character of some parts of the vascular tissue can be seen in the picture of the X–Z plane for FD in Figure 4 (bottom), as the central pores are oriented vertically to enable a faster transport of water and minerals from the bottom to the top of the carrot. The large pores in the microwave-vacuum-dried product have a diameter of up to 7 mm and were most likely produced by an effect called “puffing.” This phenomenon is based on the volumetric way of heating during MVD. The electromagnetic field penetrates the product as a whole, heating and evaporating the water molecules. When the evaporation rate is higher compared to the transportation rate of steam through the surface, an overpressure is building up inside the product, leading to an expansion of the volume.[24] In Figure 4, this expansion can be seen in both vertical orthogonal views for the MVD product. Especially the ground tissue area seems to be suitable for puffing, as the outer parts of the carrot look inflated, being nearly circular and hollow with a high wall thickness. The vascular tissue core of the carrot is not puffed at all and builds a dense structure.