China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Edible Crop Production by Nanotechnology
Published in Chetan Keswani, Intellectual Property Issues in Nanotechnology, 2020
Pérez-Hernández Hermes, Medina-Pérez Gabriela, Valle-García Jessica Denisse, Vera-Reyes Ileana, Fernández-Luqueño Fabián
In Medicago sativa cells, bioaccumulation of quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) occurred specifically in the cytoplasm and the nucleus (Santos et al. 2010). Leaves that were exposed to the ENPs first accumulated the nanosized materials in the stomata, instead of the vascular bundle, and finally, they were translocated to different parts via the phloem. When the NPs are absorbed by the root they are transferred and accumulated in the mature leaves because they are closer to the root, so it is the mature leaves that are usually more exposed than the young ones, therefore the time of exposure is higher; a few other papers document the translocation of NPs to grains, fruits, and flowers. Lin et al. (2009) showed that C70 fullerene is capable of accumulating in Oryza sativa seeds. The translocation and bioaccumulation also seem to be species-specific in the case of nano cerium oxide (nano-CeO2); Schwabe et al. (2015), found that there was a greater accumulation of Ce-ion in Helianthus annuus, compared with the insignificant amount accumulated by Cucurbita maxima and Triticum aestivum.
Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC.
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
M. M. Sudheer Mohammed, A. Narayanasamy, S. Mahadevan
The anatomical features established some important and peculiar characteristics of the plant. The stem possesses tannin- and oil-filled cells and sclerenchyma cells in the cortex and starch grains often present in pith. The root carries large cortical cells, which were loaded with starch grains. Sclereids often present in the cortex. Prominent medullary rays occurred in the xylem. In the leaf, anomocytic stomata were distributed in the epidermises. Sessile oil glands appeared in the upper epidermis. Lower epidermal cells have papillate outer tangential walls. The differentiation of palisade and spongy parenchyma is not distinct. Six vertical rows of xylem appeared in a vascular bundle. Microscopic studies are considered as reliable, simple, and the cheapest in establishing the identity of source materials (Shah et al. 2013). However, leaf constants of the plant provided accurate numerical data, which may be specific to the tested plant and is distinct from its closely related species, because it is a structural signature of each species.
Nutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Stress in Crop Plants
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Himanshu Bariya, Durgesh Nandini, Ashish Patel
Taken together, B deficiency symptoms in trees can be divided into two main groups. One is the inhibition, even necrosis, of growing points, such as the root tip, bud, flower, and young leaf. Light microscopy observation has shown that cell death occurs in the B-deficient Norway spruce (Picea abies) needle buds (Sutinen et al., 2006, 2007) probably due to the B function in the cell wall. The other symptom is the deformity of some organs, such as the shoot, leaf, and fruit. Relevant anatomical studies have demonstrated that B deficiency could severely damage the vascular tissues and induce hypertrophy at the tissue/cellular level. A disorganized vascular tissue was induced by B deficiency in coffee (Coffea arabica), and the discontinuity of both the xylem and phloem vessels was observed in the B-deficient stem tip and young leaf (Rosolem and Leite, 2007). Boron deficiency also reduced the length of the xylem vessel in both the leaf and fruit vascular bundles and reduced the diameter of the xylem vessel in only the leaf vascular bundle in pumelo (C. grandis; Liu et al., 2013a). A consistent observation that has been reported is that B deficiency can increase vascular cross-sectional areas in Norway spruce needle (Sutinen et al., 2006, 2007), pumelo leaf and fruit vascular tissues (Liu et al., 2013a), and sweet orange (C. sinensis) leaf veins (Yang et al., 2013). These results suggest that B deficiency can increase the size but weaken the function of the vascular tissue in trees.
Adaptive physio-anatomical modulations and ionomics of Volkameria inermis L. in response to NaCl
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Nair G. Sarath, Asseema Manzil Shackira, Jos T. Puthur
The cross-section of the leaf lamina of V. inermis, after 20d of growth, shows a waxy cuticle with single layered epidermis on both adaxial and abaxial sides. The abaxial epidermal cells are cylindrical, but the adaxial epidermal cells are nearly rectangular. The stomata are lesser or absent on the adaxial side and are present abundantly on the abaxial side (hypostomatic). The presence of glandular trichomes was noticed on the upper and lower epidermis. The mesophyll cells comprise 1–2 layers of palisade cells and 9–10 layers of spongy parenchyma tissues. The vascular bundles are closed, collateral, and with endarch xylem. In the vascular bundle, the xylem is located toward the adaxial surface, and the phloem is toward the abaxial surface. A sheath of parenchymatous cells called the bundle sheath encircles the vascular bundles. When V. inermis leaves were exposed to 400 mM NaCl, no characteristic changes or damages in the anatomy were noticed (Figure 4). A comparable change in the xylary elements in the vascular cylinder was noted in the leaves of treated plantlets compared with control plantlets. The staining test with phloroglucinol showed the presence of highly lignified cells in the leaf vascular region of plantlets subjected to 400 mM NaCl compared to control plantlets (Figure 5).
Ion homeostasis in differently adapted populations of Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel. for phytoremediation of hypersaline soils
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Naila Asghar, Mansoor Hameed, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad
Among root anatomical attributes, sclerenchyma thickness, stelar region area and metaxylem area increased with salinity levels. A parallel response in root area was observed indicating that this characteristic was least affected by the salinity gradient. In comparison, cortical thickness, cortical cell area and phloem area responded negatively to salinity gradient (Figure 7c). Stem anatomical characteristics such as stem area, sclerenchyma thickness, pith thickness, epidermal cell area, metaxylem area, cortical cell area, phloem area increased sharply as salt levels increased, while cortical thickness showed a negative curve. A stable response was noticed for vascular bundle area, pith thickness and phloem area (Figure 7d). All leaf anatomical attributes invariably increased with increasing salinity of habitats except stomatal area and stomatal density which sharply decreased along salinity gradient (Figure 7e).