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BP and HR Interactions: Assessment of Spontaneous Baroreceptor Reflex Sensitivity
Published in Herbert F. Jelinek, David J. Cornforth, Ahsan H. Khandoker, ECG Time Series Variability Analysis, 2017
Tatjana Lončar-Turukalo, Nina Japundžić-Žigon, Olivera Šarenac, Dragana Bajić
To induce the changes in BP without the use of vasoactive drugs, other noninvasive alternatives are possible: Valsalva maneuver, the neck chamber technique that leads to a lower body negative pressure in humans and stimulates the ANS response. The Valsalva maneuver is carried out by performing a forced expiration against a closed glottis or obstruction. This kind of straining is usually used to test the cardiac function and the autonomic control of the heart. The induced changes in BP are followed by an adequate change in RR response, which are used to calculate BRS under linear regression. The neck chamber technique is based on the application of measurable positive or negative pneumatic pressure in the neck region to enable selective activation or deactivation of the carotid baroreceptors. This method is easier to use than the pharmacological methods and better tolerated by the subjects, producing a satisfactory range of BP changes in both directions (Eckberg et al. 1975). However, all of these ‘traditional’ techniques require standardized environmental conditions, provide a limited insight into BRR function, and evaluate RRI changes due to BP changes induced by external stimulation. These induced graded changes in BP enable an investigation of the whole sigmoidal stimulus–response curve resulting in static BRS estimates in stable controlled conditions. However, the procedure brings about considerable risk of untoward cardiovascular events and is contraindicated in people with cardiorespiratory disease. In addition, this static BRS estimation does not reflect BRS under spontaneous behavior and has no information on dynamic changes of BRS (Di Rienzo et al. 2001).
The intraocular pressure response to lower-body and upper-body isometric exercises is affected by the breathing pattern
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2021
Jesús Vera, Beatriz Redondo, Alejandro Perez-Castilla, George-Alex Koulieris, Raimundo Jiménez, Amador Garcia-Ramos
The Valsalva maneuver is commonly used during resistance training when lifting heavy loads (≥ 80% of the one-repetition maximum) to facilitate force production through the stabilisation of the spine and trunk (McCartney, 1999). Previous studies have shown that the increase in intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressures caused by the Valsalva maneuver alters the cardiovascular hemodynamic (Heffernan, Jae, Edwards, Kelly, & Fernhall, 2007; Pierce, Doma, & Leicht, 2018). The use of the Valsalva maneuver during resistance training influences the cardiovascular response, with these effects being more evident during isometric compared to dynamic exercises (Linsenbardt, Thomas, & Madsen, 1992; O’Connor, Sforzo, & Frye, 1989). The execution of the Valsalva maneuver also induces an acute IOP rise both at baseline (Aykan, Erdurmus, Yilmaz, & Bilge, 2010) and during dynamic resistance training (Vera, Jiménez, Redondo, Torrejón, De Moraes, et al., 2019). However, no study has examined the influence of the breathing pattern adopted during isometric resistance training on IOP.