China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
As described above, abnormal vaginal bleeding may be caused by complications of pregnancy. In non-pregnant premenopausal women, abnormal vaginal bleeding is usually caused by hormonal imbalance and anovulatory cycles (dysfunctional uterine bleeding), treated with hormonal therapy. If hormonal therapy does not control the bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia (precursor for endometrial carcinoma) or endometrial polyp are the primary diagnoses (Fig. 6.12). Factors associated with increased risk of endometrial pathology include age over 35 years, body weight over 90 kg and infertility.
Classification of Cervical Cancer Using an Autoencoder and Cascaded Multilayer Perceptron
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
K.R. Akhila, N. Muthukumaran, A. Ahilan
Cervical cancer is a dangerous ailment that originates from cells of the cervix, situated between the vaginal canal and the uterus [1,2]. Several sorts of human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer, which spreads through sexual contact. It develops when the DNA of normal cells in the cervix undergoes mutations [3]. The normal cells reproduce and expand at a certain rate before dying at a certain period. The mutation causes the cells to multiply and reproduce uncontrollably without dying [4]. The aberrant cells clump together to form a tumour. Cancer cells can split from the tumour and grow or disperse to other parts of the human body. The symptom includes vaginal bleeding that occurs later in a sexual encounter, during periods, or after menopausal [5,6]. Lower back or stomach pain may also develop, as well as a foul-smelling white discharge. There may be no symptoms in some cases. The prevention of cervical cancer can be achieved by screening assessments and vaccinations that protect against HPV infestation. According to current statistics, 5,70,000 females were reported with cervical cancer and about 3,12,000 females died [3]. The two major categories of cervical cancer are adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It starts in the thin, flat cells that line the exterior portion of the cervix that extends into the vaginal canal [7]. Adenocarcinoma starts in the column-shaped glandular cells that lined the cervical canal. The cervix is a relatively rare site where both types of cells cause cervical cancer [8].
Viapolitics and the emancipatory possibilities of abortion mobilities
Published in Mobilities, 2020
Vaginal bleeding is common after both surgical and medical abortions, usually lasting one to two weeks, but in some cases up to a month after a medical abortion.1 Through my research on abortion access in Latin America the politics of blood was a recurring theme. In Mexico, abortion has been legal in Mexico City since 2007 and in late 2019 was legalised in the state of Oaxaca. In the rest of Mexico abortion is illegal with some state -dependent specific rules that allow for it while other states even criminalize miscarriages. This legal patchwork means that women travel to Mexico City to access legal abortions, primarily from the states nearest the capital. Having to travel impacts the type of abortion women seek. I interviewed doctors in Mexico City who said that many women who travel choose a surgical abortion over a medical one as the bleeding tends to be easier to hide so the abortion can be kept a secret from friends and family and the woman will know with absolute certainty that the procedure was successful. This is particularly appealing for women who have to travel after their abortion. Travelling home by plane, bus, or car knowing that the abortion has taken place and that the bleeding should be of a shorter duration eases the journey.