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Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
In approximately 2–3 days, an enanthem develops concomitantly with a particular rash on the face, hands, and forearms. This is followed by eruptions on the lower extremities and the trunk of the body, which occur over a week's time (Figure 9.17). Lesions progress from discolored spots flush with the surface of the skin to raised spots on the skin. Finally advancing to an inflamed swelling containing pus on the skin (skin blisters). Lesions are more abundant on the extremities and face, which is important in the diagnosis of the disease. Within 8–14 days, scabs form on the skin blisters. Once the scabs fall off, a discolored depression is left behind. Smallpox is considered most infectious during the first week. However, as long as the scabs are in place the patient is considered contagious and should be isolated. An outbreak of smallpox would be a true international emergency and should be reported to the public health service. Few if any people in the general population have effective vaccinations against the disease. Transmission occurs from close person-to-person contact, and it is unknown if an airborne dispersion would be effective. About 30% of the people who get smallpox will die. Some people go blind, and the rash causes scarring for life. Most antiviral drugs for smallpox are experimental at the present time and would not be available for large numbers of victims. Vaccinia-immune globulin (VIG) has shown to be effective prevention following an exposure to smallpox. It is recommended that 0.6 mL/kg of body weight be given to the victim intramuscularly within 24 hours of exposure. The U.S. military has a limited supply of VIG. There is no treatment available for smallpox. Research to evaluate new antiviral agents is ongoing. Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy (intravenous [IV] fluids, medicine to control fever or pain, etc.) and antibiotics for any secondary bacterial infections that might occur.
Contributions of Recombinant Microbes and Their Potential
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Arnold L. Demain, Akira Kimura, Atsuhiko Shinmyo
A major thrust in the vaccine area involves the in vitro recombination of genes coding for immunogenic proteins with genetically modified DNA of vaccinia virus [43]. Vaccinia virus vaccines eliminated smallpox in 1977. Experimental animals infected with vaccinia virus recombinants containing genes coding for the protective antigens of hepatitis B, rabies, and malaria have been protected against challenge infection.
Calibration of the length scale parameter for the stress-driven nonlocal elasticity model from quasi-static and dynamic experiments
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Hossein Darban, Raimondo Luciano, Michał Basista
A series of free flexural vibration tests have been conducted in Ref. [49] on nanomechanical biosensors in the form of nanocantilever beams made of silicon. The fundamental natural frequencies of nanomechanical biosensors have been measured before (unloaded) and after (loaded) the attachment of proteins and vaccinia virus particles. The mass of the attached entities can be determined based on the difference between the natural frequencies of the loaded and unloaded sensors. As it has been discussed in Ref. [44], the natural frequencies of the unloaded nanocantilever beams are affected by two phenomena. First, the natural frequencies exhibit size-dependency due to the small-scale specimens. Second, the clamped end of the nanobeams is not completely rigid and this would affect the natural frequencies of the nanomechanical biosensors. To simulate the experiments on the free flexural vibration of the unloaded nanomechanical biosensors, a nanobeam with a hinge support with a torsional spring as shown in Figure 5 is considered.
Characterization of performance and disinfection resilience of nonwoven filter materials for use in 3D-printed N95 respirators
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2021
Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy, Brian Strzelecki, Monica Ortiz-Hernandez, Patrick Aubin, Xuefang Jing, Qing Chang, Jinhua Xiang, Peter S. Thorne, Jack T. Stapleton
Previous research efforts by this study team had proven that the Stopgap SFM mask itself could be effectively disinfected (Welch et al. 2021). Here, viral inactivation tests on filter media were also conducted after utilizing a variety of disinfection methods. To determine the effectiveness of chemical inactivation of diverse viral pathogens, virus preparations were applied to the C4 combination and treated with a single application of bleach, hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol, or quartenary amine and residual infectious virus measured. Two human positive strand, RNA coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and 229E-CoV), one murine coronavirus (MHV-CoV), one negative strand RNA virus (mumps virus), one single-strand DNA virus (vaccinia virus), and one double-strand DNA virus (adenovirus) were evaluated. All are enveloped viruses except adenovirus. Additional details concerning the viruses applied to the filter media and the disinfection methods are given in Supplement Part C.
REVIEW: Biomedical applications of Schiff base metal complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Mohammad Nasir Uddin, Sayeda Samina Ahmed, S. M. Rahatul Alam
Schiff base 2-(3-allyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-hydroxyhydrazinecarboximidamide derived from salicylaldehyde Schiff bases of 1-amino-3-hydroxy-guanidinetosylate was very effective against mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) [156]. Schiff base 3-[4′(4′´-chloro phenyl)-6′-(4′´´-methylphenyl)pyrimidin-2′-yl]iminoisatin was tested for inhibitory effect of the replication of HIV-1 in human MT-4 cells [74]. Schiff base ligands of isatin have been reported to have antiviral activities against Moloney leukemia virus, vaccinia, rhino virus and SARS virus [157]. Schiff bases were derived from 5-acyl-1,2,4-triazines with oximes, hydrazone, semicarbazones, and thiosemicarbazones; among them 5-acyl-3-methylsulfamyl-1,2,4-triazine and its derivatives showed antiviral activity against Coxsackie Virus B4 in Vero cell culture and HeLa cell culture, respectively [158]. Ag(I) complexes of Schiff base with glycine and salicylaldehyde showed effective results up to 74% toward Cucumber mosaic virus [159]. A series of 3-(benzylideneamino)-2-phenylquinazoline-4(3H)-ones with various substituted carbonyl compounds were prepared and evaluated for their cytotoxicity and antiviral activities; compounds having 2-hydroxy substitution showed better antiviral activity [160]. Thiazolines and azetidinones synthesized by reaction of Schiff bases with thioglycolic acid and chloral acetyl chloride, respectively, were good HIV-I inhibitors [161]. Isatin Schiff bases are more effective in the treatment of HIV and SARS virus.