China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
β1 integrins are also referred to as very late after (VLA) antigens (Margiotta et al., 1994). VLA antigens are numbered according to the number of the α subunit that forms the heterodimer with the β1 subunit. These subclasses bind with a variety of ECM proteins such as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. The primary recognition site for β1 integrins is the RGD sequence described earlier. Therefore, this group of integrins is important for the overall organization and function of a variety of cell types. VLA-4 is also a receptor found on leukocytes for VCAM-1 expressed by endothelial cells.
Controlled release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in alginate and hyaluronic acid (ALG–HA) bead system to promote wound healing in punch-induced wound rat model
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Maqsood Ali, Si Hyun Kwak, Byong-Taek Lee, Hwan Jun Choi
For the further effect of ALG–HA/Hep in the in vivo studies, different concentrations of the VEGF were treated with the 2 × 103 CPAE cells at the time points of day 7 and day 14, as mentioned earlier for expression of the endothelial enzyme (eNOS) and vascular cells adhesion proteins (VCAM1). CPAE cells were cultured in low number to prevent over confluency. eNOS is also known under different names such as nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) or constitutive NOS (eNOS). Previously, eNOS showed the induction of angiogenesis [51]. Another study mentioned wound healing in diabetic type I rats by inducing the expression levels of eNOS, VEGF and Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a) through a PI3K-dependent signaling pathway [52]. Firm adhesion of leucocytes is promoted by VCAM-1 and their corresponding ligands Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4). The binding of the leucocytes for transmigration promotes the wound-healing process [53, 54]. At day 7, analysis of the western blot results did not show any significant results regarding the adhesive protein marker and endothelial enzyme (Supplementary Figure S3(a–c)). Figure 7(a,b) shows the relative expressive markers of different groups at the day 14 time point. ALG–HA/VEGF150 western blot results in Figure 7(c) showed significant expression of eNOS and VCAM1. As previous studies showed low significant or non-significant protein expressions on day 7 [55]. Sustained release of the VEGF with the time might be the reason of low expression of eNOS and VCAM1 proteins in day 7 groups. As different concentrations of the VEGF were analyzed for the expression of protein in CPAE cells, ALG–HA/VEGF150 beads were suggested to be a prominent dual polymer bead system for wound healing for in vivo studies.