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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Mitochondrial uncoupling is a process involving the disassociation of mitochondrial respiration from ATP generation that is characterized by increased permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons and subsequent dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential.
Association of metabolic syndrome risk factors with activation of brown adipose tissue evaluated by infrared thermography
Published in Quantitative InfraRed Thermography Journal, 2023
Samir E. da Rosa, Eduardo B. Neves, Eduardo C. Martinez, Runer A. Marson, Victor M. Machado de Ribeiro dos Reis
MetS is linked to the accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT), specifically VAT, which raises the risk of cardiometabolic disease, especially because it secrets various substances such as adipokines that are responsible for metabolic changes [2,6]. Furthermore, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been identified as a major player in regulating the desired metabolism for the regulation of systemic GL, fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), improving GL homeostasis, reducing weight gain and consequently the MetS risk factors [7,8]. This is possible due to the BAT high ability to promote thermogenesis through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), mitochondrial inner membrane protein, that is responsible for the transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix, promoting the dissipation of the electrochemical gradient, normally used in the synthesis of ATP [8–10]. Thus, BAT, as opposed to WAT, is not directly related to the increase in CND but is related to an increase in the body’s metabolic rate, reducing body weight and even MetS risk factors [7,8,11].
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
By the beginning of this century, the majority of TBBPA was being used as a reactive intermediate in the production of epoxy and polycarbonate resins. The main application of epoxy resins is in the manufacturing of printed-circuit boards that contain approximately 20% bromine. A minor part of TBBPA was reported to be converted into derivatives such as dimethyl TBBPA and used as a BFR in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene. Bis (2-hydoxyethyl ether) TBBPA, another TBBPA derivative, finds use as a flame retardant for paper and textile adhesives and coatings (Alaee et al., 2003). Despite the primary use of TBBPA as a reactive flame retardant (covalently bonded to the polymer), TBBPA has also been detected in the environment and in sewage sludge. By nature, it is highly lipophilic and is not water soluble. Regarding its adverse health effects, TBBPA is toxic to primary hepatocytes – the chief functional cells of the liver. This could be attributed to its halogenated phenolic properties uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation (Boecker, Schwind, Kraus, Pullen, & Tiegs, 2001). TBBPA is also highly immunotoxic and can affect defence against bacteria, viruses and possibly cancer. Other concerns regarding the chemical are that it may act as endocrine disruptor. It may not have much oestrogenic effect, but lower brominated bisphenols have shown oestrogenic activity (Meerts et al., 2001). Overall, TBBPA is a cytotoxicant, immunotoxicant and a potential disruptor of oestrogen signaling.
The photosynthetic physiological response and purification effect of Salix babylonica to 2, 4-dinitrophenol wastewater
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2022
Chaofan Sun, Chuanrong Li, Wenxiu Mu, Luyao Ma, Huicheng Xie, Jingwei Xu
Nitrophenols are important raw materials or intermediates in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, explosives, wood preservatives, and rubber chemicals (She 2005). In particular, 2, 4-DNP is the most important compound with strong toxicity and carcinogenic properties (Cui 1999). It produces toxic effect on animals, plants, and microorganisms by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation process in mitochondria (Terada 1990; Da et al.2010). The main mechanism of human poisoning is that it directly acts on energy metabolism, stimulates the oxidation process, and inhibits the phosphorylation process. Thus, 2, 4-DNP has been listed as priority pollutants by EPA in the USA (Keith and Telliard 1979; US EPA 1998). Discharge of nitrophenols wastewater has caused water body, soil and sediment pollution (Karim and Gupta 2003; Li et al.2005; Chen et al.2014). It was found that germination percentage and germination speed of onions and barley were significantly reduced when treated wastewater and car wash water were used (Al-Tabbal and Ammary 2014). It was concluded that wastewater irrigation significantly increased the accumulation rate of metals and nitrate in wheat and cause potential health risks for children and adults (Nawaz et al.2021). Wang et al. (2010) reported that irrigation of farmlands from contaminated rivers can result in accumulation of certain PCBs and PBDEs. So it is urgent to find cost effective method to purification wastewater containing contaminants.