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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Using a high-frequency linear array transducer of at least 10 MHz, sonographic evaluation starts with the palm facing the examination table (Fig. 3.4a). On the dorsal side, the wrist is divided into six synovial compartments. The bony landmark used is the Lister’s tubercle in the transverse plane, separating the second and third compartments (Fig. 3.4b). The second compartment is lateral to Lister’s tubercle and consists of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons. Placing the wrist in a halfway position between pronation and supination and moving the transducer to the lateral aspect of the radial edge of the dorsal wrist, the first compartment is examined. This contains the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. The retinaculum should be identified and examined for any sign of thickening. The probe is placed at Lister’s tubercle again and moved to its medial side to identify the third compartment, containing the extensor pollicis longus tendon. Distally, this tendon crosses anterior to the tendons of the second compartment. The probe is moved medially to examine the fourth and fifth compartment in the mid-dorsal wrist. Within the fourth compartment are the four extensor digitorum tendons and the extensor indicis tendon, while the fifth contains the extensor digiti minimi tendon.
Identification of Well Problems
Published in Neil Mansuy, Water Well Rehabilitation, 2017
Microbial induced corrosion (MIC) will account for about 30% of our corrosion problems. Most predominant in this are the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs). Most of the time that is evident through the formation of some kind of deposited material. Most of the MIC is commonly referred to as “under deposit corrosion” because the deposit is necessary for the creation of the anaerobic environment. The SRBs are anaerobic bacteria. These SRBs can grow in the anaerobic environments commonly created by the iron-related bacteria and the slime-forming bacteria. They are growing underneath that deposit (such as a tubercle or nodule) within biofilms. The aerobic bacteria in the growths are growing on the surface and are creating an anaerobic environment underneath where the SRBs can flourish.
Techniques and Applications of Adaptive Bone Remodeling Concepts
Published in Cornelius Leondes, Musculoskeletal Models and Techniques, 2001
Nicole M. Grosland, Vijay K. Goel, Roderic S. Lakes
Yamamoto et al.104 investigated the effects of stress shielding on the mechanical properties of the rabbit patellar tendon. Stress shielding was accomplished by stretching a stainless steel wire installed between the patella and tibial tubercle, thus releasing the tension in the patellar tendon completely. Significant alterations in the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon were observed as the result of stress shielding. It decreased the tangent modulus and tensile strength to 9% of the control values after 3 weeks. There was a 131% increase in the cross-sectional area and a 15% decrease in the tendinous length. Histological studies revealed that the stress shielding increased the number of fibroblasts while decreasing the longitudinally aligned collagen bundles.
Low prevalence of patellar tendon abnormality and low incidence of patellar tendinopathy in female collegiate volleyball players
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Marcey Keefer Hutchison, Christopher Patterson, Tyler Cuddeford, Robert Dudley, Eric Sorenson, Jason Brumitt
Patellar tendinopathy is an overuse injury marked by histopathological changes in the portion of the tendon between the inferior pole of the patella and its insertion on the tibial tubercle (Cook, Khan, Kiss, Purdam, & Griffiths, 2001a; Gisslen & Alfredson, 2005; Malliaras, Cook, Purdam, & Rio, 2015; Mendonca et al., 2016; Peers & Lysens, 2005). Patellar tendinopathy, commonly referred to as jumper’s knee, is primarily experienced by athletes [age range 14–30s; Note: Lian, Engebretsen, and Bahr (2005) reported tendinopathy in male volleyball (VB) athletes with a mean age of 26.8 ± 4.2 years] especially those who play VB and basketball (Cook, Khan, Kiss, & Griffiths, 2000b; Cook, Khan, Kiss, Purdam, & Griffiths, 2000a; Gisslen & Alfredson, 2005; Ito, Iwamoto, Azuma, & Matsumoto, 2014; Janssen, van der Worp, Hensing, & Zwerver, 2018; Lian et al., 2005; Witvrouw, Bellemans, Lysens, Danneels, & Cambier, 2001). Prevalence of patellar tendinopathy in VB players has been reported between 14.4% in Dutch community-based clubs or student teams (mean age 22.9 y ± 2.7) to over 50% in high-level male volleyball players (elite division players from Norwegian teams; age range not provided) (Lian et al., 2005; Lian, Holen, Engebretsen, & Bahr, 1996).
Combined manual and automatic landmark detection for enhanced surface registration of anatomical structures: an extensive parameter study for femur and clavicle
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Sanne Vancleef, Yannick Carette, Hans Vanhove, Joost R. Duflou, Ilse Jonkers, Jos Vander Sloten
Dai et al. (2014) reported an average intra-user variability of 2.9 mm and a maximum deviation of up to 6.3 mm. In case of the clavicle, the correspondence quality is already within intra-user variability; therefore, the manual identification of landmarks in the clavicle could be omitted. Looking at the correspondence quality of both target femurs in case manual landmarks are used, the correspondence quality is in the same order of magnitude. Although manually identifying these corresponding points is more time consuming than automatically detecting them, the improvement in correspondence quality is important to create patient-specific musculoskeletal models. The major and minor trochanter and adductor tubercle are important sites for muscle attachments. Outcome of the musculoskeletal model depends on these muscle attachment sites (Carbone et al. 2012), muscle direction and moment arm (Lenaerts et al. 2008). Therefore, correct prediction of muscle attachment sites through registration is important and time to manually indicate landmarks can be justified.
Quantifying coordination among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments during running
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2018
Tomoya Takabayashi, Mutsuaki Edama, Erika Yokoyama, Chiaki Kanaya, Masayoshi Kubo
Running biomechanics were measured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, UK) that included 13 infrared cameras with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. The reflective markers (9 mm in diameter) were fixed to the right shank and foot at the tibial tuberosity (TT), fibula head (FH), medial malleolus (MM), lateral malleolus (LM), Achilles tendon attachment (i.e. calcaneous; CA), sustentaculum tali (ST), peroneal tubercle (PT), the tuberosity of the navicular (TN), first metatarsal base (FMB), first metatarsal head (FMH), second metatarsal base (SMB), second metatarsal head (SMH), fifth metatarsal base (VMB), fifth metatarsal head (VMH), and head of the proximal phalanx of the hallux (HA) (Figure 1). The marker attachment was based on the 3D foot model (Leardini et al., 2007). The repeatability of the 3D foot model has been confirmed in previous studies (Arnold, Mackintosh, Jones, & Thewlis, 2013; Deschamps et al., 2012; Mahaffey, Morrison, Drechsler, & Cramp, 2013).