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G) of Mixing, Binary Liquid Mixtures, Colligative Properties, and Activity
Published in Kathleen E. Murphy, Thermodynamics Problem Solving in Physical Chemistry, 2020
Raffinose, C18H32O16, is an abundant trisaccharide found naturally in many foods. Dilute solutions of raffinose showed the vapor pressures at 318 K given in the table on the right. What are the values of the activity coefficients for water in the raffinose solutions I and II?Does the activity coefficient stay the same? Should we expect it to stay constant? Explain the reason(s) for your choice.Given the values, what sign can we expect for HE of mixing for the solutions and what does this tell us about the strength of the A···B interactions in the solution?If the maximum solubility of raffinose in water is 203 kg/m3 of water, what would be the: Expected freezing point for the solution if the solution were ideal?Given the behavior observed in the solutions in A), what should we expect to be true about the activity of water in the saturated solution and how would this affect the observed ∆Tfp?
Lactulose: A High Food Value-Added Compound and Its Industrial Application in Food
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Trisaccharide lactosucrose (O-ß-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-α-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1-2)-ß-D-fructofuranoside) is synthesized from disaccharides lactose and sucrose through an enzymatic transglycosylation reaction (Duarte et al., 2017). Lactosucrose undergoes a little hydrolysis in digestional tract (prebi-otic sugar) and increases the number of Bifidobacterium species remarkably in fecal microflora (bifidogenic agent). In addition, the balance of intestinal micro-environment can be maintained by lactosucrose and this bioactive prebiotic ingredient renders other health-promoting effects, such as anticancer activity, improving calcium absorption, and anti-allergic activity (Li et al., 2015).
Biomass Chemistry
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Disaccharides are part of a larger group called oligosaccharides, which consist of 2 to 10 monosaccharide units connected via glycosidic bonds. An example of an oligosaccharide is raffinose (Figure 2.17), which is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose units.
Cross-linking of biopolymers for stabilizing earthen construction materials
Published in Building Research & Information, 2022
Sravan Muguda, Paul Neil Hughes, Charles Edward Augarde, Céline Perlot, Agostino Walter Bruno, Domenico Gallipoli
The two biopolymers used in this study, namely, guar and xanthan gums, in powdered form, were obtained from a company in the UK. Guar gum is processed from the endosperm of a cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) belonging to Leguminosae plant species, an annual crop usually grown in semi-arid regions (mainly in India and Pakistan). Chemically, guar gum is a neutrally charged polysaccharide composed of galactose and mannose groups (Chudzikowski, 1971; Mudgil et al., 2014). Xanthan gum is biologically synthesized from a plant-based pathogenic bacterium called Xanthomonas campestris. It is chemically an anionic polysaccharide which has repeated pentasaccharide units formed by two glucose units, two mannose units and glucuronic acid unit in its backbone and glucuronic acid between two mannose units in its trisaccharide side chains (Becker et al., 1998; Garcıa-Ochoa et al., 2000; Katzbauer, 1998). Both of these biopolymers have been used extensively as thickening agents in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to their ability to remain volumetrically stable against varying temperature and pH conditions (Katzbauer, 1998; Mudgil et al., 2011). Only in the recent past, they have been investigated for the purpose of soil stabilization due to their ability to improve various soil properties in a relatively short span of time. Based on the past literature recommendations (Chang et al., 2015), the total amount of combined biopolymer content for cross-linking in this study was kept at 2.0% of the dry soil mass. The different combinations of biopolymer cross-linking used in this study are presented in Table 2. As per the recommendations given in the literature, earthen construction material stabilized with 8% cement has comparable compressive strength (3–5 MPa) of a fired brick (Kerali, 2001; Venkatarama Reddy & Jagadish, 1989). Hence, the performance of the biopolymer stabilized samples in this study was compared with 8.0% cement stabilized samples. CEM II type cement which was used in this study conformed to the specifications set out in BS EN 197-1(2011).