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Evaluating the Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles and Mammalian Cells Based on Biomics Technologies
Published in Huiliang Cao, Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Devices, 2017
In the ‘eukaryotic transcription initiation pathway’ (Figure 10.5a), most involved genes code transcription initiation factors, which have functions in the downstream of signalling cascades and are relevant to biological and extracellular stimuli. ‘mRNA processing pathway’ contains three main steps, including mRNA capping, processing of intron-containing and mRNA 3′-end processing (Figure 10.5b). It could be seen that most differentially expressed genes were relevant to the mRNA splicing process. Among them, up-regulated SFRS1, SFRS2 and SFRS7 belong to the SR family of splicing factor and act as key regulators of mRNA metabolism (Long and Caceres 2009). ‘Translation factors pathway’ (Figure 10.5c) and ‘cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins pathway’ (Figure 10.5d) are related to the translational regulation of gene expression. The results implied that Ag NPs regulated gene expression processes in HDFs.
Principles and Techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Manipulation
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie
Depending on the stage at which the expression of a gene is regulated, regulation may be one of four types: (1) Transcriptional regulation – determines whether the gene will be transcribed or not; (2) Post-transcriptional regulation – regulation of the processing, transport and longevity of mRNAs; (3) Translational regulation – determination of whether or not and to what extent an mRNA will be translated; and (4) Post-translational regulation – regulation of protein modification and activity. The commonest type of regulation is transcriptional regulation and within that, the initiation of transcription.
Biosynthesis
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Studies of genomes have revealed that only a part of the complete genome constitutes the DNA sequences that code for proteins (enzymes). The other part of DNA constitutes the so-called non-coding RNA genes, which are the genes of rRNA, tRNA, and different small and long non-coding RNAs participating in the regulation of gene transcription and translation. DNA contains a non-coding sequence of nucleotides determining the transcriptional and translational regulation of the protein-coding sequence of nearby or even distant genes.
The roles of membrane transporters in arsenic uptake, translocation and detoxification in plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are also one of the most common types of post‐translational regulation of protein activity. However, there are only a few studies on how As transporter activities are regulated by phosphorylation. A structure-localization analysis of the boron/As(III) transporter AtNIP5;1 shows that threonine phosphorylation in the threonine-proline-glycine repeats in its N-terminal region accelerates clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which is required to maintain the polar localization of AtNIP5;1 (Wang, Yoshinari et al., 2017). Polar localization of OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 is an important reason for the high uptake of Si and As(III) by rice roots (Ma et al., 2008). Whether this localization pattern is regulated by protein phosphorylation remains unknown. Another study found that a conserved serine triad containing site in the NBD2 motif of AtABCC1 is the target of As(III) dependent phosphorylation mediated by casein kinase II (CK2), and this phosphorylation of AtABCC1 contributes to As stress tolerance in Arabidopsis (Raichaudhuri, 2016). In rice, the OsCK2 catalytic subunit OsCK2α3 and the regulatory subunit OsCK2β3 form a holoenzyme to phosphorylate OsPHT1;2/8 and consequently inhibit the interaction of OsPHT1;2/8 with OsPHF1 and regulate the trafficking of OsPHT1;2/8 from the ER to the plasma membrane (Chen, Wang et al., 2015). In contrast, phosphorylated OsPHT1;2/8 can also be dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 95 (OsPP95) which promotes OsPHT1;2/8 trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane with the help of OsPHF1 (Yang et al., 2020). In addition, the OsCK2 catalytic subunit OsCK2α3 alone can phosphorylate the Pi homeostasis modulator OsPHO2 at Ser-841 to promote its degradation, which in turn promotes the accumulation of the phosphate/As(V) xylem loading transporter OsPHO1 due to the disruption of OsPHO2 mediated OsPHO1 degradation (Wang, Deng et al., 2020).