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RNA-Based Devices for Diagnostic and Biosensing
Published in Peixuan Guo, Kirill A. Afonin, RNA Nanotechnology and Therapeutics, 2022
Morgan Chandler, Kirill A. Afonin
This prevalence and constantly expanding library of RNA biomarkers is further rationale for incorporating RNA into biosensors. The human transcriptome has been shown to contain only a small percentage of protein-coding RNAs, revealing the persistence of non-coding RNAs as additional indicators of disease.4 Additionally, non-coding RNAs, which include ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs, to name a few, exhibit many functional roles in gene expression or post-transcriptional regulation. As advances in genomics further our understanding of how and when the profile of non-coding RNAs changes, they become more useful as therapeutic biomarkers which can indicate early disease onset and progression.1,5
Principles and Techniques for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Manipulation
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie
Depending on the stage at which the expression of a gene is regulated, regulation may be one of four types: (1) Transcriptional regulation – determines whether the gene will be transcribed or not; (2) Post-transcriptional regulation – regulation of the processing, transport and longevity of mRNAs; (3) Translational regulation – determination of whether or not and to what extent an mRNA will be translated; and (4) Post-translational regulation – regulation of protein modification and activity. The commonest type of regulation is transcriptional regulation and within that, the initiation of transcription.
Brain cancer
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
William D. Dunn, Rivka R. Colen
MicroRNAs are small molecules of non-coding RNA that function in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to a specific sequence of a target gene.65 One interesting biomarker is the microRNA-21 and its gene target stemness regulator Sox2 axis.43 Based on the classification of glioblastoma into high miR-21/low Sox2 or low miR-21/high Sox2 sub-types, microRNA-21 and its target gene have been shown to significantly differentiate patients based on molecular, radiological, and survival characteristics.43
The roles of membrane transporters in arsenic uptake, translocation and detoxification in plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Transcriptional regulation is an early event during gene expression, which is largely controlled by transcription factors (Carroll, 2005; Castrillo et al., 2011). Although the uptake and translocation of As(III) by aquaporins have been well studied in plants, the underlying mechanisms of how aquaporins respond to As(III) in plants are largely unknown. Recently, a R2R3 MYB transcription factor, OsARM1, has been suggested as a negative-regulator for As(III) transport in rice (Wang, Chen et al., 2017). OsARM1 was thought to be able to directly bind to the promoter regions of OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsLsi6 in rice as well as AtNIP1;1, AtNIP3;1, and AtNIP5;1 in Arabidopsis and regulate the uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of As(III) by weakly suppressing the expression of these genes (Wang, Chen et al., 2017). Knocking out OsARM1 resulted in enhanced As translocation from roots to shoots in rice while overexpression of OsARM1 showed reduced As translocation after exposure to As(III) (Wang, Chen et al., 2017).
The individual and combined effects of spaceflight radiation and microgravity on biologic systems and functional outcomes
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Jeffrey S. Willey, Richard A. Britten, Elizabeth Blaber, Candice G.T. Tahimic, Jeffrey Chancellor, Marie Mortreux, Larry D. Sanford, Angela J. Kubik, Michael D. Delp, Xiao Wen Mao
Maintenance of stemness during microgravity exposure has also been demonstrated in several other stem cell populations including cardiovascular progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic (HSCs), and adipose derived stem cells. Specifically, studies using neonatal and adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to microgravity on ISS and simulated microgravity in a clinostat resulted in altered cytoskeletal organization and migration in both cell populations.215,216 Several of these responses were found to be regulated by miRNAs, thereby indicating that miRNAs may be a key mediator of the cellular response to spaceflight exposure.215–217 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved non-coding RNA molecules that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. They function via base-pairing with complementary strands of mRNA, in turn silencing them by cleavage, destabilization, or hindering translation. Furthermore, the authors found reduced yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and Tafazzin (TAZ) signaling that can function to regulate transcription and is affected by mechanical load.217 Neonatal but not adult cardiovascular progenitor cells exposed to spaceflight exhibited increased expression of markers for early cardiovascular development and enhanced proliferative potential, possibly mediated through miRNA signaling.215,216
Serum microRNA profiles among dioxin exposed veterans with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Weixin Wang, Youn K. Shim, Joel E. Michalek, Emily Barber, Layla M. Saleh, Byeong Yeob Choi, Chen-Pin Wang, Norma Ketchum, Rene Costello, Gerald E. Marti, Robert F. Vogt, Ola Landgren, Katherine R. Calvo
In MM patients, dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) was previously characterized in bone marrow plasma cells (Lionetti et al. 2009; Pichiorri, Suh, and Ladetto 2008; Roccaro et al. 2009) with fewer studies reported on circulating miRNAs in serum (Kubiczkova et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015). miRNAs are highly conserved small (19-25nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved with post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression (Bartel 2004). miRNAs bind to the 3ʹ untranslated region of target messenger RNA (mRNA), leading to degradation of the mRNA or attenuation of protein translation. miRNAs are important in the regulation of homeostatic processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (Calvo et al. 2011; Izumiya et al. 2011; Raveche et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2012). Cell-free miRNAs in blood and body fluids arise from exosomes or microvesicles released from cells into the circulation or from cell lysis (Zhang et al. 2015). Unlike mRNAs, miRNAs are resistant to RNA degradation and are relatively stable under harsh conditions, including storage temperature and time, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles (Gilad et al. 2008; Grasedieck et al. 2012; Mitchell et al. 2008). Several studies explored the potential of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for various cancers, including hematological cancers (Etheridge et al. 2011; Federico et al. 2019; Grasedieck et al. 2013; Hayes, Peruzzi, and Lawler 2014). However, circulating miRNA in MGUS has not been well characterized.