China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Reliable Biomedical Applications Using AI Models
Published in Punit Gupta, Dinesh Kumar Saini, Rohit Verma, Healthcare Solutions Using Machine Learning and Informatics, 2023
Shambhavi Mishra, Tanveer Ahmed, Vipul Mishra
The three basic steps in the biological process for gene expression are transcription, RNA processing, and translation.Transcription makes RNA molecules (also known as RNA (premRNA)), which are basically replicas of the DNA reproduced in gene structure.In RNA processing, RNA (pre-mRNA) goes into a new RNA module known as messenger RNA(mRNA).In translation, the mRNA sequence is translated into a protein molecule.
Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The mRNA is transcribed from one strand of the DNA of the gene; it is translated at the ribosome into a polypeptide sequence. Translation is the synthesis of protein from amino acids on a template of messenger RNA in association with a ribosome. The bases on mRNA code for amino acids in triplets or codons; that is three bases code for an amino acid. Sometimes, different triplet bases may code for the same amino acid. Thus, the amino acid glycine is coded for by four different codons: GGU, GGC, GGA, and GGG. There are 64 different codons; three of these UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons and end the process of translation. The remaining 61 codons code for the amino acids in proteins (Table 3.1). Translation of the message generally begins at AUG, which also codes for methionine. For AUG to act as a start codon, it must be preceded by a ribosome binding site. If that is not the case, it simply codes for methionine.
Introduction and Background
Published in Jay L. Nadeau, Introduction to Experimental Biophysics, 2017
An example of a prokaryotic cell is molecular biology’s key organism, the bacterium Escherichia coli, usually just called E. coli. The structure of an E. coli cell is shown in Figure 1.11a,b; it consists principally of a cell wall, cell membrane, circular DNA chromosome packaged into a nucleoid region, and ribosomes. Within its fluid contents or cytoplasm are all of the enzymes needed to replicate DNA and transcribe DNA to RNA. RNA is translated to protein in the ribosomes. The cytoplasm also contains disequilibrium concentrations of ions, particularly potassium, leading to a nonzero membrane potential (see Chapter 15 for more on the origin and measurement of membrane potentials). The space between the membrane and cell wall is called the periplasm and may comprise 40% of the cell’s volume; many important reactions, such as neutralization of antibiotics, occur in this space. The structure of the E. coli membrane and periplasm is characteristic of the class of bacteria called Gram negative (Figure 1.11c).
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
ncRNAs are a group of RNA nucleotides involved in transcription and protein synthesis but do not translate into proteins themselves. These nucleotides play an important role in histone modification. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) with more than 200 nucleotides are one of the most important epigenetic factors. Changes in their expressions were associated with a wide range of body disorders. ncRNAs involved in almost all of the chemical processes mentioned so far, including DNA methylation and chromosome structure. They are also incorporated in histone changes. These RNAs alter the expression of different genes on sex chromosomes as well. XIST, for example, is a type of lncRNA that inactivates X-chromosomes by acting on polycomb repressive complex-2 (PRC2).[14]
The interactions of diet-induced obesity and organophosphate flame retardant exposure on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Gwyndolin M. Vail, Sabrina N. Walley, Ali Yasrebi, Angela Maeng, Kristie M. Conde, Troy A. Roepke
Since ERα and PPARγ receptors are highly expressed in the ARC and hypothalamus as a whole, and because OPFRs are known to interact with these receptors, OPFRs may be disrupting energy homeostasis as a consequence of these interactions. Previously, Krumm et al. (2018) used triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), and tris(1-3-dichloro-2propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) in a mixture of 1 mg/kg of each OPFR. This mixture was selected because of the prevalence of these compounds in human environments and since the parent compounds or their metabolites interact with ERα and PPARγ, which may play a role in pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Since Krumm et al. (2018) reported that exposure of adult mice to OPFRs elicited sex-specific changes in body weight, peripheral peptide hormone expression, and gene expression, it was of interest to determine whether this may translate to an increased sensitivity to diet-induced obesity, attributed to effects on feeding behavior, fat accumulation, metabolism, and activity patterns. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate these parameters in intact adult male and female mice with or without a high-fat diet (HFD) challenge for 7 weeks with continuous daily oral dosing of the same 1 mg/kg OPFR mixture. This dose was selected to be consistent with previous observations (Krumm et al. 2018; Patisaul et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2019b), and because Krumm et al. (2018) reported murine serum concentrations of TPP, TCP, and TDCPP similar to those detected within human serum samples (Ma et al. 2017).
Kurstakin molecules facilitate diesel oil assimilation by Acinetobacter haemolyticus strain 2SA through overexpression of alkane hydroxylase genes
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Mamadou Malick Diallo, Caner Vural, Umut Şahar, Guven Ozdemir
Alkane hydroxylases are the key enzymes that control aerobic alkane degradation. In this study, PCR amplification allowed the detection of alkB, cyp153A and almA genes in the genomic DNA of strain 2SA. All obtained nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences using ExPASy translate tool and compared with reference sequences in the GeneBank database using the NCBI BLASTP search tool. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on amino acid sequences, which were downloaded from GenBank. The amino acid sequence of alkB, almA and cyp153 genes demonstrated high similarity with the sequences of Acinetobacter sp (Figures S4, S5 and S6).